初二上册英语语法总结
初二上册英语语法总结
动词不定式一.定义：
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，既可以有自己的宾语和状语。同时动词不定式又具有名词、形容词、副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
二.动词不定式的构成：to+动词原形
三.动词不定式作宾语
后面能接不定式作宾语的动词有：agree,ask,choose,decide,forget,hope,learn,want,wish,wouldlike等。
Wehopetogettherebeforedark.我们希望天黑以前到那儿。Thegirldecidedtodoitherself.那个姑娘决定自己做那件事。动词不定式作宾语的注意事项（2点）
1.有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟动名词作宾语，但含义不同：remembertodo记住要做某事
rememberdoing记得曾经做过某事forgettodo忘记要做某事forgetdoing忘记曾经做过某事stoptodo停下来去做某事stopdoing停止做某事
goontodo继续做另一件事goondoing继续做原来在做的事
Irememberseeingyousomewherebefore.我记得以前在哪儿见过你。
Pleaseremembertoturnoffthelightwhenyouleave.
离开时请记得关好灯。
2.不定式作宾语时，如带有宾语补足语，则要把不定式放到后面，用it作形式宾语，构成“主语+动词+it+宾补（形容词、名词）+不定式”结构。如：Hefounditverydifficulttogettosleep.他发现很难入睡。
四.动词不定式作宾语补足语1.后面能接to不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask,order,teach,tell,want,wish,help等。
TheteachertoldustodoExercise1.老师要我们做练习一。Iwantbothofyoutogo.我要你们俩去。
Wehelpedher(to)repairherbike.我们帮助她修理自行车。
2.使役动词let,have,make及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel等要以不带to的不定式作宾补。
Let’shavearest.我们休息一会吧。Isawhimcomein.我看见他进来了。
感官动词后既可跟不带to的不定式作宾补，也可跟v-ing作宾补，前者表示动作的全部过程已结束；后者表示动作正在进行。
Isawhimcomedownstairs.我看见他下了楼。（说明他下楼了这件事）Isawhimcomingdownstairs.我看见他在下楼。（说明他下楼时的情景）
五.动词不定式作状语
Laterhelefthometoworkindifferentcities.不久他离开家到不同的城市工作。Hewenttoseeafootballmatch.他去看足球比赛了。Inordertocatchtheotherstudents,Imustworkhard.为了赶上其他同学，我必须努力学习。
六.动词不定式作定语
不定式作定语一般放在所修饰的词的后面。Ineedsomethingtoeat.
Doyouhavesomethingtoread?
Tomwassoexcitedthathehadnowordtosay.Heisreallyafoolonlytoeat.
ThemantostandherejustnowisourEnglishteacher.Thedoctorhadnowaytosavethepatient.注意：
（1）作定语的不定式是由及物动词组成，被修饰的名词或代词与不定式之间存在方位或方式关系需要有介词。
Iamlookingforaroomtolivein.我正在找一间住房。（方位关系）Wehavemanythingstodoexperimentswith.我们有许多做实验的东西（方式关系）
（2）作定语的不定式是由“be+adj+prep”构成的动词短语。Herethereisn’tanybookformetobeinterestedin.
Wehavedonemanythingstoproudof.我们做了许多引以自豪的事。
七.动词不定式作主语Togiveisbetterthantoreceive.
Toreachthereonfootisimpossible.
动词不定式作主语时，可以用it代替，把实际主语不定式放在后面。It’sbettertogivethantoreceive.It’simpossibletoreachthereonfoot.It’s+adj+forsb.todosth.
It’snotdifficultformetostudyEnglishwell.
It’seasyforhimtoworkoutthismathproblem.
在这个句型中，如果形容词与不定式的逻辑主语关系密切，并且形容词用来说明逻辑主语的性质、品质、特点等，由of引出逻辑主语。这类形容词主要有nice,kind,good,wrong,right等。
八.动词不定式和疑问词连用
动词不定式可以和疑问词what,which,how,where,when连用，构成不定式短语，可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等。
Howtodoisstillaquestion.
Haveyoudecidedwhentoleave?
九.动词不定式的否定形式
动词不定式的否定式是在to前加not；不带to的不定式则在动词前加not.如：ZhangMingaskedmenottostayathomeallday.张明要我不要整天呆在家里。
Mymotherletmenotdoitbymyself.妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。
被动语态
英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态
主动语态（TheActiveVoice）表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态（ThePassiveVoice）表示主语是动作的承受者。构成：承受者+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者
一般现在时：承受者+助动词am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者一般过去时：承受者+助动词was/were+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者承受者+助动词shall/willbe+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者承受者+助动词have/hasbeen+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者承受者+can/may/must/should+be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者被动语态用法：
1）当我们不知道动作的执行者是谁，或者没有必要指出动作的执行者时，需用被动语态。
2）当我们需要强调动作的承受者时,常用被动语态。
3）如果需要说出动作的执行者,用by引导出动作的执行者。主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
主动语态变为被动语态时有以下几种情况：1）主语＋谓语动词＋宾语
将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。（主动）Weboughtabookyesterday.（被动）Thebookwasboughtyesterday.
2）主语＋谓语动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
将主动语态中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语。多数情况下将间接宾语变为主语。如果直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前要加介词to/for。（主动）Heshowedmeabookyesterday.（被动）Iwasshowedabookyesterday.（被动）Thebookwasshowedtomeyesterday.3）主语＋谓语动词＋复合宾语
含有一个由宾语加宾语补足语构成的复合宾语，变为被动语态时，将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语保留不变，成为主语补足语。（主动）Ifoundhimagoodpupil.（宾语补足语）（被动）Hewasfoundagoodpupil.（主语补足语）4）短语动词变为被动语态
有些短语动词相当于一个及物动词，其后可以接宾语，因此它们也有被动语态，但短语动词是不可分割的整体，变为被动语态时不可去掉其后面的介词或副词。（主动）Weshouldlookafterthepatientsverywell.
（被动）Thepatientsshouldbelookedafterverywellbyus.5）宾语从句变为被动语态
若主动语态中是宾语从句，变为被动语态时常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。
It’ssaidthathepassedtheexam.被动语态应注意的几个特殊问题：
（1）不及物动词带介词和介词宾语，在变为被动语态时，仍然要带上介词。（主动）Thestudentsinclasslistentotheteachercarefully.（被动）Theteacherislistenedtocarefullybythestudentsinclass.
（2）当动词带有复合宾语时，并且宾补是省去“to”的动词不定式时，在被动语态中应加上“to”。
（主动）Theymakedoallthework.
（被动）Weweremadetodoallthework.
（主动）WeoftenhearhersingEnglishsongs.（被动）SheisoftenheardtosingEnglishsongs.（主动）Iseehimwalktoschool.（被动）Heisseentowalktoschool.
扩展阅读：初二上册英语语法总结
选择填空
()1.What’sthematterwithyou?
--Ihad___badcoldandhadtostayin_____bed
A.a;/B.a;theC.a;aD.the;the()2.When________he_____toourschool?---Abouttwohours
A.does;comeB.did;comeC.did;cameD.do;come()3.Themeatis__expensiveandeating__meatisbadforyourhealth.A.toomuch;muchtooB.muchtoo;toomuchC.toomuch;toomuchD.muchtoo;muchtoo;()4.It’sinteresting___abooklikethis.
A.readB.readsC.readingD.toread()5.Whatabout___Englishwithme?
A.studyB.studiesC.studyingD.tostudy()6.Ifyouwanttobeingood____,youshouldeat____food.
A.healthy;healthyB.health;healthC.healthy;healthD.health;healthy()7.Isthere____wrongwithyourcomputer?
A.somethingB.anythingC.everythingD.some()8.Couldyougiveme_____?--Sure.
A.someadviceB.someadvicesC.anyadviceD.anyadvices()9.Theyare___nextmonth.
A.gotocampB.gocampingC.goingcampingD.goingcamp()10.Thatsound_____.
A.interestingB.interestedC.interestD.tointerest()11.Thechildlikestodo____.
A.thingsdifferentB.somethingdifferentC.differentsomethingD.differentanything()12.MayIaskyou______question?--Sure
A.anyB.muchC.someD.alittle()13.Atlasthedecided_________thenewplan.
A.atB.toC.onD.for
()14.Theoldpeoplelike____afterdinner,becauseit’sgoodfortheirhealth.
A.takingwalksB.takingwalkC.goingforwalkD.gotowalks()15.Braceisgoingfishing,____hisbrotherisn’t.Hehasmuchworktodo.A.andB.soC.butD.because()16.--_____doyoucometoschool?--_____foot.
A.What;OnB.How;OnC.What;ByD.How;By()17.SometimesIgo_____withmyfather.
A.fishB.fishingC.tofishD.fishes
()18.Ittookmearound______hourtofinishmyhomeworkyesterday.A.aB.anC.theD./
()19.Wheretogodepends______theplacewhereyoulike.A.inB.withC.onD.by()20.It____fifteenminutestowalktoschool.
A.spendsB.costsC.takesD.pays()21.Thenumberofthechildreninherfamily_____thereA.amB.isC.areD.be()22.Pleasewaitforamoment;Ihave____totellyou.A.interestingsomethingB.somethinginterestingC.interestinganythingD.anythinginteresting()23.Iwanttoknow______.
A.wheredoesheliveB.howfarisit
C.whoisheD.howhegoestoschool()24.---Canyougotothebankwithme?-----______.
A.Sure,I’dlovetoB.Yes,I’dloveC.No,PleaseD.No,I’dlove()25.---Let’sgooutandplaygames.---Sorry,Ihave______worktodo.
A.muchtooB.toomuchC.toomanyD.manytoo()26.Heleft____HongKong____themorningofSeptember8thA.to;onB.for;inC.to;inD.for;on
()27.Mygoodfriendcanplay_____soccerwell,buthecan’tplay_____guitar.A.a;theB.the;theC./;theD.the;/
()28.---I’mgoinghikinginthemountainswithmyfriendstomorrow.----________
A.CongratulationsB.ThanksalotC.HaveagoodtimeD.Sorrytohearthat()29.---MustIfinishmyhomeworktoday-----No,you_____
A.can’tB.maynotC.mustn’tD.needn’t()30.Shefinished_____herpostcardstwodaysago.
A.writeB.wroteC.writingD.writes()31.---Why____fishingtomorrow?--Goodidea!
A.don’tgoB.notgoC.nottogoD.don’tyougoing()32.They_____theGreatWallnextholiday.
A.visitB.arevisitC.arevisitingD.visited（）33.Therearemany_____betweenthetwopicture.
A.differentB.differentsC.differencesD.difference（）34.Milkisgood_____our____.
A.to;healthyB.to;healthC.for;healthyD.for;health()35.---______doyougoskating?----Everyday.
A.HowoftenB.HowmanyC.HowmuchD.Howlong（）36.--Howoftendotheygotothemovies?---_______
A.twiceaweekB.aweektwiceC.twiceofaweekD.twiceweek()37.Thereis___milkinthebottle.
A.fewB.afewC.alotofD.many()38.Thepolicemantoldtheboys____inthestreet.
A.notplayB.nottoplayC.notplayingD.tonotplay()39.Therearethree____inthefactory.
A.womandriversB.womendriversC.womandriverD.womendriver()40.Iwantyou____withmeeveryday.
A.exerciseB.exercisesC.exercisingD.toexercise()41.Mysisterlikesfruit,_____shedoesn’tlikevegetables.A.butB.andC.orD.also
()42._____grandmotheroftencooksdeliciousfoodfor____
A.He;hisB.His;heC.He;himD.His;him()43.WhatcanBillandCindydo?
--Billcanplay____soccerandCindycanplay____piano.A.the;theB./;/C.the;/D./;the()44.Iwillgivemybaby____toeat.
A.healthysomethingB.healthyanythingC.somethinghealthyD.anythinghealthy()45.Smokingis___yourhealth.
A.goodforB.badforC.goodtoD.badto()46._____computergames,Ilikethemverymuch.
A.AsforB.AsonC.AboutD.Allabove
1.so+谓语+主语：…也一样.谓语:be动词/助动词/情态动词2.so+主语+谓语:的确如此,真的这样.
3.helpyourself/yurselvesto．．．请随便吃点．．．4.发现sb做sth:findsbdoingsth5.不完全同意Idon’treallyagree.完全不同意Ireallydon’tagree.
6.或者．．或者．．．either…or…..就近原则既不．．也不．．neither…nor….就近原则既．．．．又．．．both…and….谓语用复数7.看起来，似乎Itseems/seemedthat…..8.由于．．．而闻名befamousfor….
KeyPhrases（重点短语）：
1.howoften多长时间一次2.junkfood垃圾食品3.alotof许多4.hardlyever很少
5.startwith以…开始6.trytodosth.试着去做某事7.lookafter照料8.bekindofunhealthy有点不健康9.onceaday一天一次10.twiceamonth一个月两次11.begoodfor对…有好处12.onceinawhile偶尔13.seeadoctor/dentist看病/看牙医14.getacold/fever感冒/发烧15.haveastomachache肚子疼
16.haveatoothache牙疼17.haveasorethroat嗓子疼18.liedownandrest躺下休息
19.drinkhotteawithhoney喝加蜂蜜的热茶20.bestressedout紧张21.listento…听…
22.gettired变的疲劳23.keephealthy保持健康24.atthemoment此刻；目前25.watchTV看电视
26.playbasketball打篮球27.babysithersister照看她的妹妹28.visitmyfriend拜访我的朋友29.relaxathome在家放松30.sportscamp运动野营31.somethinginteresting
32.gohiking/camping/fishing/shopping/sightseeing去徒步旅行/野营/钓鱼/购物/观光33.goaway离开34.getbacktoschool返回学校35.stayforaweek呆一个星期36.gobikeriding骑自行车兜风
37.takeswalks散步38.rentvideos租录像带39.sleepalot睡得多40.thinkabout考虑
41.takethesubway/bus/boat/plane乘地铁/公共车/小船/飞机42.getto到达
43.gobybus/plane/boat乘公共车/飞机/小船44.train/subway/busstation火车/地铁/公共车站45.busride乘公共车的旅行46.rideabike骑自行车47.busstop公共汽车站48.onfoot步行49.leavefor离开去…50.schoolbus学校班车51.theearlybus早班车52.bedifferentfrom与…不同53.halfpastsix六点半54.inNorthAmerica在北美洲55.aquickbreakfast快捷的早餐56.needtodo需要做…57.morethan多于58.playsoccer踢足球59.baseballgame棒球比赛60.schoolteam校队61.comeoverto过来到…62.thedayaftertomorrow后天63.begoodat擅长于…64.twoyearsago两年前65.beoutgoing外向的66.allthetime一直
67.insomeways在一些方面68.lookthesame看起来一样69.talktoeveryone与大家谈话70.makemelaugh使我笑
KeySentenceStructures重要句型：Unit1:
1.－Whatdoyouusuallydoonweekends?－Iusuallygotothemovies.
2.－Whatdoeshesometimesdoonweekends?－HesometimessurfstheInternet.3.Howoftendoyouexercise?Iexerciseonceaweek.
4.Howoftendoessheeatvegetables?Sheeatsvegetablesthreetimesaday.
5.Mostofthestudentsgotothebeacheveryyear.6.Itmakesabigdifferencetomygrades.7.Myeatinghabitsareprettygood.Unit2:
1.What’sthematter?What’swrong?What’sthetrouble?
2.I’mnotfeelingwell.Ihaveacold/fever/stomachache/sorethroat./Ihavealotofheadaches.
3.Maybeyoushouldseethedoctor/dentist.Youshoulddrinksomehotteawithhoney.4.Youshouldn’teatanythingfor24hours.5.Don’tgetstressedout.Itwillmakeyousick.6.I’msorrytohearthatyouarenotfeelingwell.Unit3
1.－Whatisshedoingforvacation?－Sheisbabysittingherlittlesister.－Thatsoundsnice/interesting.2.－Whenareyougoing?－I’mgoingonMonday.3.－Wherearetheygoing?－TheyaregoingtoTibet.4.－Whoisshegoingwith?－Sheisgoingwithherparents.5.－Howlongishestaying.－Heisstayingforaweek.6.－Howistheweatherthere?－I’mhopingtheweatherwillbenice.
7.HeisleavingforHongKongthefirstweekinJune.8.Haveagoodtime.
Unit4:
1.－Howdoyougettoschool?－Igettoschoolbybus.2.－Howdoeshegotowork?－Heusuallywalkstoschool.3.－Howlongdoesittake?－Ittakesabouttwentyminutes.4.－Howfarisitfromhishometoschool?－It’sthreemiles.
5.Whatdoyouthinkofthetransportationinyourtown?Unit5:
1.－CanyoucometomypartyonWednesday?
－Sure,I’dloveto./I’msorry,Ihavetohaveapianolesson.2.－CanshegotothemoviesonSaturday?－No,shecan’t.Shehastohelphermom.3.－CanyougototheconcertonMonday?－Whenisit?
－It’satfouro’clockonFriday.4.Thanksalotfortheinvitation.
5.I’mgoingtostudyforatestthisevening.6.What’sthedatetoday?Unit6
1.PedroisfunnierthanPaul.
2.Tinais（alittle）tallerthanTara.3.Iammoreathleticthanmybestfriend.4.Myhairislongerthanhers.
5.LiuYingisnotasgoodashersister.6.Insomeways,welookthesame.
7.Forme,agoodfriendlikesdoingthesamethingsasme.8.I’mquieterthanmostofthekidsinmyclass,andsoismyfriend.9.Whodoyouthinkshouldgetthejob,RuthorRose?
IV.Grammar语法：Unit1:
1.表频率的词汇和短语：
alwaysusuallyoftenneverhardlyeversometimesseldomonceadaytwiceamonththreetimesaweekeverytwoweeksonceinawhile2.做事情的频率（howoftenyoudothings）:－Whatdoyouusuallydointhemorning?
－IusuallyreadEnglishbooks.SometimesIwalkinthegarden.
Ihardlyeverexercise.Ieatvegetablestwiceaweek,butInevereatjunkfood.3.如何提问频率“多久一次”－Howoftendoesheplaytennis?－Heplaystenniseveryday.
－Howoftendoyoudrinkmilk?－Idrinkmilkonceaday.
－Howoftendotheygotothemovies?－Sometimes.Unit2:
1.询问别人身体状况：What’swrongwithyou?What’sthematterwithyou?What’sthetrouble?
2.提出建议（giveadviceandmakesuggestions）－What’swrongwithyou?－Ihaveaheadache.
－Youshouldgotobedandhavearest.Youshouldn’tworklate.－Ihaveafever.
－Youshoulddrinkalotofwater.Youshouldn’tbestressedout.
Unit3：一般将来时：
1.现在进行时“be+动词ing”可以用来表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。－Whatareyoudoingforvacation?－I’mvisitingTibet.
－WhereareyougoingonMayDay?－I’mgoingtothebeach.
－Howmanystudentsarecomingtooutpartytomorrow?－Fifty.
2.“begoingto+动词原形”表示主观打算去做某事，表示“人”打算，计划，决定要去做的事。TheyaregoingtotravelinChina.
Lookattheclouds!Itisgoingtorain.
－Areyougoingtobeateacherwhenyougrowup?－Yes,Iam.
3.用“shall＋动词原形”或“will＋动词原形”表示一般将来时。（shall只用于第一人称）
WeshallgotothebeachthisSunday.Mybrotherwillfinishmiddleschoolinayear.Thesebirdswon’tflytothesouthinwinter.Whenwilltheybeginthework?
Unit4：
谈论如何到达某地，以及以何种方式到达某地。－Howdoyougettothemuseum?－Igettothemuseumbysubway.SometimesIridemybiketothemuseum.注意区别：
（1）takethebus=gobybuseg:Itakethebustogettoschool.=Igettoschoolbybus.takethetrain=gobytraineg:Hetakesthetraintogotoschool.Hegetstoschoolbytrain.takethesubway=gobysubwaytakeataxi=gobytaxigoinacar=gobycarrideabike=gobybikewalk=goonfoot
How引导的疑问句：
1.HowdoesLuciagettowork?（提问方式“如何”）
2.DaveisgoingtotraveltoParisbyplane.Howlongdoesittake?（提问时间长短“多长时间”）
3.Howfarisitfromthepostofficetothemuseum?（提问距离“多远”）
4.HowoftendoesKateswimintheriver?（提问频率“多久一次”）5.Howoldisthelittleboy?（提问年龄“多大”）
6.Howmanycowsarethere?（提问数量“多少”many后跟可数名词）7.Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?（提问数量“多少”much后跟不可数名词）8.Howmuchisthedoll?（提问价钱“多少钱”）9.Howtallishisteacher?（提问高度“多高”）10.Howwastheweather?（提问程度“怎样”）
Unit5
情态动词“can”表示可能性，或现在决定将来的事。练习用“Can…?”发出邀请，接受或拒绝并给出原因：－CanyoucometomypartyonMonday?
－Sure,I’dloveto./Sorry,Ican’t.Ihavetostudyforatest.－Canshegotothemovies?
－No,shecan’t.Shehastodoherhomework.－Canhegotothefootballgametomorrow?－No,hecan’t.Hehasadrivinglessons.－Cantheygototheconcerttonight?－No,theycan’t.Theyarevisitingtheiruncle.
Unit6:
形容词比较级：
形容词比较级是用来表示事物的等级差别。I.形容词比较级的构成：规则变化：
1.一般单音节词末尾加－er。tall－tallergreat－greater
2.以不发音的e结尾的单音节词和少数以－le结尾的双音节词只加－r。nice－nicerlarge－largerable－abler
3.以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加－er。big－biggerhot－hotter
4.“辅音字母＋y”结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加－er。easy－easierbusy－busier
5.少数以－er，－ow结尾的双音节词末尾加－er.clever－cleverernarrow－narrower
6.其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more来构成比较级。important－moreimportantbeautiful－morebeautiful不规则变化：
good－betterwell（健康的）－betterbad－worseill－worseold－older/eldermany－moremuch－morelittle（少的）－lessfar（远的）－farther/further
II.比较级句型：
1.比较级＋than……比…较为A＋动词＋形容词比较级＋than＋B.两者相比较，A比B更…一些。Iamolderthanyou.MaryishappierthanJane.
HisbrotherisyoungerthanI（me）.BeijingismorebeautifulthanWuhan.MysisterhaslongerhairthanTara.Hermotheristhinnerthanherfather.JackistallerthanTom.2.as…as
A+动词+as+形容词原级+as+B.表示A和B两者比较，程度相同，“…和…相同”。Myuncleisastallasyourfather.TomisashonestasJohn.Mydogisasoldasthatone.
A…＋not＋as＋形容词原级＋as＋B表示A，B两者程度不同，即A不如B那么…Myuncleisnotastallasyourfather.TomisnotashonestasJohn.Thisjacketisnotascheapasthatone.3.thesameas与…相同。
Myfriendisthesameasme.Wearebothquiet.Agoodfriendlikestodothesamethingsasme.
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