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中考英语知识点总结

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中考英语知识点总结

中考英语知识点总结

代词:人称代词物主代词反身代词不定代词疑问代词介词:Inonatto......连词:Andbutorso....形容词、副词比较级、最高级

动词时态:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时过去进行时、现在完成时被动语态:以上六种时态的被动语态含情态动词的被动语态

不带to的动词不定式的被动语态双宾语、感官动词和使役动词的被动语态情态动词:canmaymustshould定语从句:关系代词whowhichthat关系副词whenwherewhy

宾语从句:应注意陈述语序和时态的确定。日常交际的表达

扩展阅读:历年中考英语语法知识点难点总结

中考英语语法知识难点大全

英语语法知识难点(一)

(一)形容词和副词

I.要点A.形容词1、形容词的用法

形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的,通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补,有时还可作状语。如:Heishonestandhardworking.Ifoundthebookinteresting.

某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时,谓语通常用复数形式。如:Therichandthepoorliveindifferentpartsofthecity.TheEnglishliketobewiththeirfamilies.多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序:

冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状态(描述性)+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如:

thesecondfiveinterestingbignewredChinesewallpapers.

2、形容词比较等级的形式(1)规则形式

一般说来,单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er;--est来构成比较级和最高级;其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more,most.如:great-greater-greatestbusy-busier-busiest

important-moreimportant-(the)mostimportant

(2)不规则形式good(well)-better-bestbad(ill)-worse-worstmany(much)-more-mostlittle-less-least

(3)形容词比较等级的用法

①表示两者的比较,用形容词的比较级+than.如:Heisclevererthantheotherboys.Thisoneismorebeautifulthanthatone.

②表示两者以上的比较,用"the+形容词最高级(+名词)+of(in)…"如:Heisthecleverestboyinhisclass.

③表示两者是同等程度,用"as+形容词原级+as".如:HeisastallasI.

Ihaveasmanybooksasyou.④越…越…

例如:ThemoreIlearn,thehappierIam.

⑤","p":{"h":14.939,"w":14

(4)late,lately

lately意为"最近、近来",late意为"晚、迟"。如:Henevercomeslate.

Haveyoubeentothemuseumlately?

II.例题

例1Tom"sfatherthinksheisalready____AhighenoughBtallenoughCenoughhighCenoughtall

解析:该题正确答案是B。修饰人高用tall,而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修饰形容词要放在形容词后面。因此该题选B。

例2____theworseIseemtobe.AWhenItakemoremedicineBThemoremedicineItakeCTakingmoreofthemedicineDMoremedicinetaken

解析:该题正确答案为B。"the+形容词比较级+…,the+形容词比较级+…"意为越…,越…。该句意为:吃的药越多,我的病越是加重。

例3"Ihaven"tbeentoLondonyet"."Ihaven"tbeenthere____".

AtooBalsoCeitherDneither

解析:该题正确答案为C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意为否定"两者都不",而C-either则用于否定句中,意为"也"。

例4MrSmithwas____movedatthenews.AdeepBdeeplyCverydeepDquitedeeply

解析:该题正确答案为B。A.deep用于副词时,修饰具体的深,如digdeep,而B-deeply则修饰表示感情色彩的词,如该题为deeplymoved.另如deeplyregret等。而D-quite和deeply均为副词,不能互相修饰。

(二)介词

I.要点1、介词和种类

(1)简单介词,常用的有at,in,on,about,across,before,beside,for,to,without等。(2)复合介词,如bymeansof,alongwith,becauseof,infrontof,insteadof等。

2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系

(1)和动词的搭配,如agreewith,askfor,belongto,breakawayfrom,careabout等。(2)和形容词的搭配,如afraidof,angrywith,differentfrom,goodat(3)和名词的搭配,如answerto,keyto,reasonfor,causeof,visitto等.3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语,这种修饰语通常有right,just,badly,all,well,directly,completely等少数几个副词。如:Hecamerightafterdinner.

Helivesdirectlyoppositetheschool.

4、某些介词的意义与用法举例(1)at,on,in(表时间)

表示时间点用at,如atfouro"clock,atmidnight等;表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如atthattime,atChristmas等。

指某天用on,如onMonday,ontheendofNovember,指某天的朝夕用on,如onFridaymorning,ontheafternoonofSeptemberlst等。

指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如intheafternoon,inFebruary,inSummer,in1999等。

(2)between,among(表位置)

between仅用于二者之间,但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时,也用between,如

I"msittingbetweenTomandAlice.Thevillageliesbetweenthreehills.among用于三者或三者以上之间。如:Heisthebestamongthestudents.

(3)beside,besides

beside意为"在…旁边",而besides意为"除…之外"。如:Hesatbesideme.

Whatdoyouwantbesidesthis?

(4)inthetree,onthetree

inthetree指动物或人在树上,而onthetree指果实、树叶长在树上

(5)ontheway,intheway,bytheway,inthiswayontheway指在路上intheway指挡道

bytheway指顺便问一句inthisway用这样的方法

(6)inthecorner,atthecorner

inthecorner指在拐角内atthecorner指在拐角外

(7)inthemorning,onthemorning

inthemorning是一般说法onthemorning特指某一天的早晨

(8)bybus,onthebus

bybus是一般说法onthebus特指乘某一辆.

II.例题

例1Doyouknowanyotherforeignlanguage____English?AexceptBbutCbesideDbesides

解析:A、B两项except等于but,意为"除了…",C-beside意为"在…旁边",不符合题意。而D-besides,意为"除了…之外,还有"。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为:除了英语外,你还知道别的语言吗?

例2Hesuddenlyreturned____arainynight.AonBatCinDduring

解析:我们均知道,atnight这一短语,但如果night前有修饰词,表具体的夜晚,则要用介词on来修饰,故该题正确答案为A。

例3I"mlookingforward____yourletter.AtoBinCatDon

解析:该题正确答案为A。lookforwardto为固定搭配,意为"期望、盼望"。

(三)连词

I.要点1、连词的种类

(1)并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句,如and,for,or,both…and,either…or,neither…nor等。

(2)从属连词用来引导从句,如that,if,whether,when,after,assoonas等。

除了从属连词(引导状语从句)外,还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词(引导名词性从句),关系代词和关系副词(引导定语从句)。

2、常用连词举例(1)and和,并且

Theydrankandsangallnight.(2)both…and和,既…也…BothmyparentsandIwentthere.(3)but但是,而I"msad,butheishappy.

(4)either…or或…或…,要么…要么…Eitheryou"rewrong,orIam.(5)for因为

Iaskedhimtostay,forIhadsomethingtotellhim.

(6)however然而,可是

Affirst,hedidn"twanttogothere.Later,however,hedecidedtogo.(7)neither…nor既不…也不

Neithermyparentsnormyauntagreeswithyou.(8)notonly…but(also)不但…而且…Henotonlysingswell,butalsodanceswell.(9)or或者,否则Hurryup,oryou"llbelate.Areyouaworkeroradoctor?(10)so因此,所以It"sgettinglate,soImustgo.(11)although虽然

Althoughitwaslate,theywentonworking.(12)assoonas一…就I"lltellhimassoonasIseehim.(13)because因为

Hedidn"tgotoschool,becausehewasill.(14)unless除非,如果不Iwon"tgounlessitisfinetomorrow.(15)until直到…

Hedidn"tleaveuntileleven.(瞬间动词用于not…until结构)Hestayedthereuntileleven.

(16)while当…时候,而(表示对比)

WhileIstayedthere,Imetafriendofmine.(while后不可用瞬间动词)Mypenisredwhilehisisblue.(17)for因为

Hewasill,forhedidn"tcome.(结论是推断出来的)(18)since自从…

Ihavelivedheresincemyuncleleft.(19)hardly…when一…就

Ihadhardlygottothestationwhenthetrainleft.(20)asfaras就…来说

AsfarasIknow,thatcountryisverysmall.Youmaywalkasfarasthelake.(一直走到湖那里)

II.例题

例1Johnplaysfootball____,ifnotbetterthan,David.AaswellBaswellasCsowellDsowellas

解析:该题意为:John踢足球如果不比David好的话,那也踢得和David一样好。和…一样好为aswellas.故该题正确答案为B。

例2ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,____,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.AwhenBwhereCwhichDwhile

解析:该处意为"然而",只有while有此意思,故选D。

例3Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee____shallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway?A.andB.thenC.orD.otherwise

解析:该处意为"或者",正确答案为C。

英语语法知识难点(二)(四)动词时态、语态I.要点

1、一般现在时

(1)表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态,常与sometimes,always,often,everyday等时间状语连用。如:

Sometimes,wegoswimmingafterschool.(2)表示客观真理、科学事实等。如:Theearthgoesroundthesun.

2、现在进行时

(1)表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作,常与now,atpresent等时间状语连用。如:Whatareyoudoingnow?

(2)和always,continually等连用,表一种经常反复的动作,常含有某种情感。如:Heisalwaysdoinggooddeeds.

3、现在完成时

主要表示动作发生在过去,对现在仍有影响,或动作一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去,常与just,already,sofar,once,never等词连用。如:HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?

4、一般将来时

表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与tomorrow,nextyear等连用。如:I"llmeetyouattheschoolgatetomorrowmorning.We"regoingtoseeafilmnextMonday.

5、一般过去时

表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态,常与yesterday,lastyear,in1998,amomentago等词连用。如:Ithappenedmanyyearsago.

6、过去进行时

表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如:Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterday?

7、过去完成时

表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如:Thetrainhadalreadyleftbeforewearrived.

8、一般过去将来时

表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如:Hesaidhewouldcome,buthedidn"t.

9、被动语态

被动语态的时态,以give为例。时/式am现在一般am进行has完成isgivenarewasisbeingarewasbeinggivenwerebeengivenhave过去givenwereshallhadbeengivenshallhavebeengivenwillshouldhavebeengivenwould将来begivenwillshould过去将来begivenwouldII.例题

例1Ilearnedthatherfather____in1950.AhaddiedBdiedCdeadDisdead

解析:该题正确答案为B。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前,但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in1950,所以不用过去完成时态,而用一般过去时态。例2Thefive-year-oldgirl____byherparents.AislookedBhaslookedfor

CisbeinglookedforDhasbeenlooked

解析:该题正确答案为C。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中,介词不能省,否则就变成了不及物动词短语,而不能用于被动语态的句子中。

(五)动词虚拟语气

I.要点

表示说的话不是事实,或者是不可能发生的情况,而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。

1、虚拟语气的构成

情景条件从句的谓语动词主句的谓语动词should与现在事实相反动词过去式(be要用were)+动词原形wouldshould与过去事实相反had+过去分词+have+过去分词would1、动词过去时与将来事实相反2、should+动词原形3、wereto+动词原形should+动词原形would

注:如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had,should,could有时可将if省去,但要倒装。如:Hadyou(Ifyouhad)invitedus,wewouldhavecometoyourparty.

2、虚拟语气在各种从句的应用

(1)在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等,其谓语形式是"should(可省)+动词原形",常用于以下三种句型中。

句型一:Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc)that…句型二:Itisapity(ashame,nowonder,etc)that…

句型三:Itissuggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc)that…

如:Itisstrangethathe(should)havedonethat.Itisapitythathe(should)besocareless.Itisrequestedthatwe(should)besocareless.

(2)在宾语从句中用于suggest,propose,move,insist,desire,demand,request,order,command等动词后的宾语从句中,表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如:Isuggestthatwe(should)goswimming.

(3)在表语从句中,表示间接的命令,要求、请求、建议、决定等,主句中的主语通常是suggestion,proposal,request,orders,idea等。从句谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如:Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)leaveatonce.

(4)在同位语从句中,谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如:Wereceivedorderthattheworkbedoneatonce.

(5)在Itistimethat…句型中,其谓语动词形式是"动词的过去式"或"should+动词原形",should不可省。如:It"stime(that)wewent(shouldgo)toschool.II.例题

例1Wehadhopedthathe____longer.AstaysBhavestayedCstayedDwouldstay

解析:该题正确答案为D。hadhoped表示"本希望",同样用法的动词还有think,expect等,后面的句子需用虚拟语气

例2"Marywantstoseeyoutoday".

"Iwouldrathershe____tomorrowthantoday."AcomesBcameCshouldcomeDwillcome

解析:该题正确答案为B。wouldrather后面的从句需用虚拟语气,用动词过去时表示。

例3Hadshebeenolder,she____itbetter.AhaddoneBmighthavedoneCmightdoDwoulddo

解析:Hadshebeenolder=Ifshehadbeenold.故该题正确答案为B。

(六)短语动词

I.要点

英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体,其用法有的相当于及物动词,有的相当于不及物动词,有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种:

(1)动词+介词

常见的有lookfor,lookafter,sendfor,careabout,askfor,laughat,hearof(from),addto,leadto等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如:Don"tlaughatothers.Ididn"tcareaboutit.

(2)动词+副词

常见的有giveup,pickup,thinkover,findout,handin,pointout等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词,既可放在副词前边,又可放在副词后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则要放在副词前边。如:

You"llhandinyourhomeworktomorrow.Pleasedon"tforgettohanditin.

(3)动词+副词+介词

常见的有lookdownupon,goonwith,breakawayfrom,addupto,catchupwith等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如:

Allhismoneyaddeduptonomorethan$100.Afterashortrest,hewentonwithhisresearchwork.

(4)动词+名词+介词

常见的有takecareof,makeuseof,payattentionto,makefunof等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如:

Youshouldpayattentiontoyourhandwriting.Weshouldmakefulluseofourtime.

(5)动词+形容词

常见的有leaveopen,setfree,cutopen等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词,则宾语可放在形容词的前边,也可放在后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则必须放在形容词前边。如:Theprisonersweresetfree.Hecutitopen.

(6)动词+名词

常见的有takeplace,makefriends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如:Thisstorytookplacethreeyearsago.Imakefriendswithalotofpeople.

(7)辨析

giveaway(让给,暴露)和giveup(放弃,停止)putaway(放起,收起)和putout(扑灭)turnup(出席,放大)和turnon(打开)keepout(阻止)和keepoff(不让靠近)makeup(编造,补上)和makeout(辨认)takeoff(脱,起飞)和takeout(拿出)II.例题

例1Itiswisetohavesomemoney____foroldage.AputawayBkeptupCgivenawayDlaidup

解析:该题正确答案为A。意为"存";keepup意为"继续";giveaway意为"分发";layup"贮藏"。

例2Here"smycard.Let"skeepin____.AtouchBrelationCconnectionDfriendship

解析:该题正确答案为A.keepintouch为短语动词,意为"保持联系"。

例3____!There"satraincoming.

ALookoutBLookaroundCLookforwardDLookon

解析:该题选A.lookout意为"小心"。

(七)动词不定式

I.要点

1、不定式的形式。以动词write为例。

式|语态一般式完成式进行式完成进行式towritetohavewrittentobewritingtohavebeenwriting主动语态tobewrittentohavebeenwritten被动语态2、不定式的句法功能

(1)作主语Tohearfromyouisnice.Tobeagoodteacherisnoteasy.

不定式作主语时,为了保持句子的平衡,往往以it作形式主语,而不定式置于谓语动词后。如:

It"snicetohearfromyou.It"snoteasytobeagoodteacher.(2)作宾语

通常用于want,hope,wish,like,need,hate,begin,start,remember,agree,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help等词后。如:Iforgottolockthedoor.Pleaseremembertowritetome.

(3)作表语Myjobistopickupletters.Heseemedtohaveheardnothing.

(4)作定语

不定式作定语时,须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如:Ihavetwoletterstowrite.Ihavealotofworktodo.

(5)作宾补

通常用于want,wish,ask,order,tell,know,help,advise,allow,cause,force等词后。如:Heorderedhertoleaveatonce.Hewasforcedtoobeyhisorder.

(6)作状语

Hegotupearlytocatchthefirstbus.

Heworkedhardtocatchupwiththeotherstudents.

(7)作独立成分

Totellyouthetruth,Itoldalie.

(8)"疑问词+不定式"结构。如:Idon"tknowhowtochoosethem.Icannotdecidewheretogo.

(9)不定式的否定式。如:Idecidednottogo.

(10)不定式的完成式。如:

HeseemedtohavecleanedtheroombeforeIcamein.Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttothehospitallastweek.(11)too…to结构。如:Hewastooexcitedtogotosleep.

Hewasonlytoogladtogo.(他太高兴了,乐意去)

(12)主动表被动。如:Thebookiseasytoread.Ihaveabooktoread.II.例题

例1Ihaven"tgotachair____.

AtositBfortositonCtositonDforsitting

解析:该题选C。不定式tositon在句中作定语,修饰名词chair.因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是"动宾关系",所以不定式必须是及物动词,故此处on不能省略。

例2Hewasmade____.AgoBgoneCgoingDtogo

解析:该题选D。makesb.dosth.如果是被动形式,不定式do前的to不能省略。例3Anewfactoryis____verysoon.AtobebuiltBbuiltCtobuildDtobuilding

解析:该题选A。istobebuilt意为"将要被建"。

(八)动名词

I.要点

动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。

1、动名词的形式,以write为例。

式|语态一般式完成式writinghavingwritten主动语态被动语态beingwrittenhavingbeenwritten否定式not+动名词

2、动名词的用法

(1)作主语

Playingfootballismyfavoritesport.Travellingwithfriendsatweekendisfun.

作主语的动名词结构复杂且长时,可用it作形式主语。如:Itisfuntravellingwithfriendsatweekend.

(2)作宾语IenjoyplayingPCgame.Hegaveupwritingfiveyearsago.

(3)作表语

Whathehatedmostwasdoingnothing.Seeingisbelieving.

动名词作表语时,句子的主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。

(4)作定语

There"sadiningroominmyschool.Allthepeoplewatchinglaughed.

(5)动名词的复合结构"物主代词(或名词的所有格)+动名词"。如:Tom"sgoinghomelatemadehermotherangry.Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?

不过,动名词的逻辑主语在遇到以下情况时,必须用名词的普通格(或人称代词的宾格)。

①无生命名词

Thegirlswereafraidofthedoorsuddenlyclosing.Fireburnsbetterbyoxygenbeingatwork.

②有生命名词,但表泛指。Haveyoueverheardofgirlssmoking?

③两个以上的有生命的名词并列。

Doyoustillremembermyparentsandmecomingtoseeyouthatday?3.后面常接动名词的动词和短语

mind,enjoy,finish,consider,practise,magine,keep,suggest,advise,allow,permit,

beworthdoing,beusedtodoing,bebusydoing,can"thelpdoing,itisnogooddoing,itisnousedoing,lookforwardtodoing,sticktodoing,payattentiontodoing,devotetodoing,leadtodoingII.例题

例1Shesaysshedoesn"tfeellike____outwithyou.AgoingBtogoCforgoingDwent

解析:该题正确答案为A。feellike=want,此处like为介词,后面要接名词或动名词作宾语

例2Thegardenneeds____.AwaterBwateringCtowaterDwatered

解析:该题正确答案为B。need=want=require.如果物作主语,此三者后要接动名词或tobedone这一结构作宾语。

例3Excuseme____you.AinterruptingBtointerruptCinterruptedDtohaveinterrupted

解析:该题正确答案为A。excuse后接动名词作宾语,此句中的me为动名词的逻辑主语(常用于口语中)。

(九)分词

I.要点

分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容和副词的句法功能。它分为现在分词和过去分词两类。现在分词和过去分词的主要差别在于现在分词有一般式和完成式,过去分词则只有一般式。现在分词表动作正在进行,表主动。过去分词及物动词表动作已经完成,表被动。过去分词不及物动词表动作已经完成,表主动。过去分词的句法功能:

1、作定语

IliketoreadthenovelwrittenbyLuXun.

Thewomansittingbesidethebrokenwindowwasafriendofmine.

2、作表语

WhenIcameintotheroom,Ifoundthewindowwasbroken.I"minterestedinthisbook.

3、作宾语补足语

I"mgoingtohavemybikerepaired.

WhenIwalkedhome,Isawthethiefcaughtbythepolice.

4、作状语

Seenfromthetopofthemountain,thecitylookssmall.Theteachercameintotheclassroom,followedbyhisstudents.现在分词的句法功能。

1、作状语

Seeingfromthetopofthemountain,Ifoundthecitywasbeautiful.Walkingalongthestreet,theysuddenlysawhim.2、作宾语

Ihatebeingspokenillof.

HeconsideredvisitingJapanduringthewintervocation.

3、作表语Seeingisbelieving.Thebookisinteresting.

4、作宾语补足语

Inoticedhimcrossingthestreet.

Mothercaughthimsmokinginthekitchen.

5、作定语

Doyouknowthemanwritingaletter?Theworkerrunningamachineismybrother.分词使用中的几个问题

1、现在分词的完成式

Havingcleanedtheroom,Iwentout.2、现在分词的否定式

Nothavingreceivedanyletter,hefeltalittleworried.

3、现在分词与过去分词的不同

现在分词表示主动、正在,过去分词表示被动、完成Ifoundthemankilledthere.Ifoundthemanstandingthere.

4、have结构

Wehavethecarrepaired.Wehaverepairedthecar.WehaveTomrepairthecar.

WehaveTomrepairingthecarthewholemorning.

5、分词作表语

Wewereexcitedatthenews.Thefootballgameisexciting.

6、独立主格结构

Itbeingafineday,wewentouttovisitthepark.II.例题

例1、Time_______,I"llgoonapicnicwithyou.A.permitB.topermitC.permittedD.permitting

解析:该题答案为D。Timepermitting…是独立主格结构,意为"如果时间允许的话…"

例2、_______ifhehadanybadhabit,sherepliedthathewasaheavysmoker.A.AskB.ToaskC.AskedD.Asking解析:该题答案为C。主语she是被问。

英语语法知识难点(三)

(十)情态动词与助动词

I.要点

助动词本身无意义,在句中帮助主要动词构成一定的时态,语态、语气,或是帮助构成否定句和疑问句,常用的助动词有be,do,have,shall(should),will(would).

情态动词表一定的词义,本身并不表示动作或状态,而仅仅表达说话人的态度,它在句中须和主要动词一起构成谓语,主要的情态动词有can(could),may(might),must,haveto,oughtto,need,dare,shall,should,will,would.

1、can能,可以,表说话人同意,许可还可表客观条件许可,如:Youcangonow.提建议或请求时可用canI,canyou表客气,如CanIbuyyouadrink?

can和beableto表能力时的区别。can表一般具有的能力,beableto表在特定条件下的能力,如:Althoughthedriverwasbadlyhurt,hewasabletoexplainwhathadhappened.

2、may

(1)、可以,表说话人同意,许可或请求对方许可。Youmaygo.

(2)、(现在和将来)可能,也许,只用于肯定句和否定句中,如Hemaynotberight.

3、must,haveto

must表主观上的必须,haveto表客观上的必须,如:It"sgettinglate.Ihavetogo.-MustIgonow.-Yes,youmust.

(No,youneedn"t./No,youdon"thaveto.)

4、need,dare这二词有实意动词和情态动词两种词性,如用作实意动词后接动词不定式todo,如用作情态动词后接动词原形。NeedIgonow?--Yes,youmust./No,youneedn"t.)

5、shall用于第一人称疑问句中表说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请求,如,Shallwebeginourlesson?

用于二、三人称陈述句,表说话人命令、警告、允诺、威胁等口吻,如:Youshallfailifyoudon"tworkharder.

6、should表应该,意为有责任,有义务。如:Weshouldtryourbesttomakeourcountrymorebeautiful.

7、will表有做某事的意志、意愿、安心、打算,如"Willyoulendmeyourbook?""Yes,Iwill.",

8、shouldhavedone表应该做而未做musthavedone表对过去事实的肯定推测couldhavedone表本可以做某事

9、判断句:肯定句用must,否定句用can"t,不太肯定用may,mightHemustbeintheofficenow.

Hemusthavegonetobed,forthelightisout.Hecan"tbeintheoffice.Heisathome.

Hecouldn"thavecleanedtheclassroom,becausehedidn"tcomeheretoday.Hemightbeintheoffice,Iamnotsure.Hemighthavecleanedtheroom,Isuppose.II.例题

例1,They_______towalkinthestreetatmight.A.didn"tdareB.notdaredC.notdareD.darednot

解析,该题答案为A,此空需选一动词作谓语,因为后面是towalk,didn"tdare是行为动词dare过去时态的否定形式。

例2,Whenhewasveryold,Mr.Smith_______sitforhourswithoutsayingaword.A.wouldB.shouldC.mustD.used

解析,该题答案为A,would此处表过去的倾向性,习惯性动作,意为"总是"如:Whenwewerechildren,wewouldgoswimmingeverysummer.

(十一)句子种类

I.要点

句子按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句;按结构又分为简单句、并列句和复合句。

1、陈述句的否定

(1)在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中,当主句的谓语动词是think,expect,believe,suppose,guess,fancy,imagine等,且主句主语是第一人称时,宾语从句谓语的否定习惯上要移到主句谓语上,如:Idon"tthinkheisright.

(2)含有否定意义的副词never,seldom,hardly,scarcely,rarely,barely的句子应视为否定句,如:Ihaveneverbeentherebefore.

2、反意疑问句

(1)need和dare既可作情态动词,又可作实意动词,在反问部分须加以区别,如Weneedn"tleave,needwe?Wedon"tneedtoleave,dowe?

(2)陈述部分出现否定意义的副词或代词如never,seldom,few,hardly,little等时,反问部分须用肯定形式如:Heseldomcomes,doeshe?

(3)陈述部分用不定代词作主语时,反问部分的主语用it,如:Nothingcanstopme,canit?陈述部分用everybody,everyone,somebody,someone,等作主语时,反问部分常用it,有时也用they,如:Everybodyknowsthat,don"tthey?

(4)陈述部分包括usedto时,反问部分可有两种形式,如:Youusedtogetupearly,usedn"t(didn"t)you?

(5)陈述部分是"there+be"结构时,反问部分用there,如:There"ssomethingwrongwithyou,isn"tthere?

(6)陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时,反问部分的主语和谓语应和主句保持一致,如:Henevertoldotherswhathethought,didhe?

但,如果是Ithink,Ibelieve等+宾语从句时,反问部分须和从句的动词保持一致,如,Idon"tthinkheisright,ishe?Idon"tbelievehedoesthat,doeshe?

3、感叹句用what或how,Whatabeautifulparkitis.Howbeautifulaparkitis.Howbeautifultheparkis.Howweworked!

4、祈使句Takecare!Don"tstandthere.

Pleaseopenthedoorfortheoldlady.II.例题

例1,Don"tforgettoposttheletter,_______?A.willyouB.doyouC.won"tyouD.shallyou

解析:该题答案为A,在否定句、祈使句后只用"willyou"?,但肯定的祈使句后可用如,Waitforme,will(won"t,can,can"t,could)you?例2,Let"sgooutforawalk,_______?

A.willyouB.won"tyouC.shallweD.dowe

解析:该题答案为C,let"s…后加上shallwe来表语气婉转、客气,而在letus后加上willyou。

例3,Hehardlywritestoyou,_______?

A.doesn"theB.doesheC.dotheyD.hashe

解析:该题答案为B,hardly否定副词,反问部分要用肯定形式。

(十二)各种从句

I.要点

根据从句在句中的句法功能,从句可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。

1、名词性从句

(1)主语从句

Whathewantsisapieceofpaper.Itisbelievedthathecansolvetheproblem.注:主语从句的谓语动词用单数。

(2)宾语从句

Idon"tknowhowtosolvetheproblem.Doyouknowwherehelives?

(3)表语从句

Theproblemiswhocanhelpme.ThisiswhyIcamehere.

(4)同位语从句Ihavenoideawherehewent.Iheardthenewsthathewouldcome.

同位语从句用that引导,常跟在fact,idea,news,promise,thought,message,hope,belief,doubt等词后,that在从句中不作任何成分。

2、定语从句

在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词,或修饰整个主句的从句叫做定语从句,引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that,as,和关系副词when,where,why。

(1)that指物时一般可与which互换,但在下列情况下,要用that而不用which。

a.先行词有all,everything等不定代词时,如,Everything(that)hedidiswrong.

b.先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时,如,I"llreadallthebooks(that)youlendme.

c.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,Thisisthefirstletter(that)theboyhaswritten.

d.先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时,如Heistheveryman(that)I"mlookingfor.

e.只用which的情况

在介词后或在非限定性定语从句中

Thisisthebookaboutwhichwehavetalkedalot.Thebook,whichhegavemeyesterday,isveryinteresting.

f.where和when作关系副词ThisistheroomwhereIworked.ThisistheroomwhichIstayedin.

Irememberedthedaywhenwelivedthere.IrememberedthedaythatIspentthere.

g.as和which

as可以放于句首,而which不可以Asyouknow,heisgoodatEnglish.threeofthem和threeofwhich

Ihavealotofbooks,threeofwhichareinRussian.IhavealotofbooksandthreeofthemareinRussian.3、状语从句

在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、条件状语、行为方式状语、比较状语、让步状语等多种。II.例题

例1、_______Iacceptthegiftorrefuseitisnoneofyourbusiness.A.IfB.WhetherC.EvenifD.Nomatterwhen

解析:该题答案为B。whether可以和or连用,if不可以,此外if一般仅用于宾语从句。

例2、Theway_______thesecomradeslookatproblemsiswrong.A.whereB.inthatC.XD.withwhich

解析:该题答案为C,先行词是way,定语从句中用that或inwhich来引导或不填。

例3,____alongtimesinceIsawyoulasttime.A.ItwasB.ItisC.IthadbeenD.Itcanbe

解析:该题答案为B,Itis+时间数+since引导的从句是一个句型,意为"从…时候以来过了多久了。"

(十三)主谓一致I.要点

谓语受主语支配,须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,这叫做主谓一致,主谓一致包括语法一致、意义上一致和就近一致。

1、语法上一致

(1)、以单数名词或代词,动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词要用单数,主语为复数时,谓语用复数,如,Toworkhardisnecessaryforastudent.

(2)、用and或both……and连接的并列主语,谓语动词用复数,如,BothheandIareright.

但并列主语如果指的是同一人,同一事物或同一概念,谓语动词用单数,如,Histeacherandfriendisabeautifulgirl.

(3)、主语是单数时,尽管后面跟有aswellas,but,except,besides,with,alongwith,togetherwith,like等,谓语动词仍用单数,如,

Theteacheraswellashisstudentsisexcited.

(4)、某些不定代词,如做主语,谓语动词要用单数,如:Everyonehasabook.

(5)、一些只有复数形式的名词,如people,cattle,clothes等作主语时,谓语动词要用复数,如,Alotofpeoplearedancingoutside.

2、意义上一致

(1)、表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数,如,Twentyyearsisnotalongtime.(2)、表示总称意义的名词public,police,cattle,clothes等作主语时,谓语动词用复数,如,Peoplearetalkingabouttheaccident.

(3)、有些集合名词,如family,team等作主语,如作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数,如指其中每个成员,则用复数,如,Myfamilyisabigone.MyfamilyarewatchingTV.

3、邻近一致

用连词or,either……or,neither……nor,whether……or,notonly…butalso,等连接的并列主语,如果一个是单数,一个是复数,则谓语动词按就近一致原则,与最靠近它的主语一致,如,EitheryouorIammad.II.例题

例1、Thechemicalworks_______wheremyfatherhasworkedforthirtyyearsin1949.A.wasbuiltB.werebuiltC.isbuiltD.arebuilt

解析:该题答案为A。works形式上是复数,意思上是单数,因此谓语动词用单数,类似的还有news,maths,politics,physics.

例2、Theyeach_______acopyofthenewphysics.A.haveB.hasC.havingD.gets

解析:该题答案为A。Theyeach不等于eachof…,eachof这个词组作主语谓语用单数如eachofthestudentshandsintheirhomework,而theyeach作主语,谓语要随each前面的词来变化。

英语语法知识难点(四)(十四)倒装

I.要点

按"主语+谓语"这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序,如果变为"谓语(或谓语的一部分)+主语",就是倒装语序。

1、全部倒装(1)therebe句型

Thereisgoingtobeameeting.Thereisabookonthetable.

(2)here,there,now,then,in,out等副词置于句首时,主谓倒装,但如果主语是人称代词时,主语和谓语语序不倒装,如,Herecomesthebus.Herehecomes.

(3)直接引语的部分或全部位于句首时,有时也用倒装,如,"Whathesaidmeantnothing",saidtheteacher.

(4)为保持句子平衡,强调表语或状语,使上下文紧密衔接时须完全倒装,如,Infrontofthehousesatasmallboy.2、部分倒装

(1)so,neither,nor置于句首说明与前者情况一致时,如,Ilikeswimming,sodoesmybrother.

(2)only+状语放在句首,如,Onlythroughthismethodcanwewin.Onlyinthiswaycanwedotheworkwell.

(3)含有否定意义的词置于句首,如,Hardly,scarcely,not,seldom,nosooner,never,little,atnotime,innoway,nomore等,如,NeverhadIheardthat.LittledidIknowaboutthis.

(4)以often,so+形容词或副词开头的句子,如,Soheavyistheboxthathecannotcarryit.

(5)用于省略if的虚拟条件句中,将had,were,should提前,如,WereIyou,Iwouldn"tdothat.Hadhecome,wewouldhavewon.

(6)用于某些表示祝愿的句中,如,Mayyoubehappyforever.II.例题

例1、Notonly____thismachinebut____it.

A.canherun……canherepairB.canherun……hecanrepairC.hecanrun……hecanrepairD.hecanrun……canherepair

解析:该题答案为B,在notonly……but(also)句型中,只有but前面的部分倒装,but后面仍是正常语序。

例2、____,itisquiteeasytodrillaholeinitwithlaser(激光).A.HardalthoughthediamondB.HardasthediamondisC.AsthediamondishardD.Hashardisthediamond

解析:该题答案为B,在让步状语从句中,从属连词as可以表示though,但要用倒装语序。

例3、Onlyinthisway____toimprovethesituationthere.A.canyouhopeB.youcanhopeC.hopecanD.youhope

解析:该题答案为A,only和它所修饰的状语一起置于句首时,须用倒装。

(十五)it与therebe的用法

I.要点

1、it的用法

(1)用作人称代词,代替前文提到的无生命的事物,动植物、婴儿及指示代词this,that,如Ihaveanewpen.Itisbeautiful.

TheBrownshaveanewbaby.It"scute.

(2)用来表示时间、天气、距离等,如,It"stwelveo"clocknow.It"sfinetoday.

(3)用作引导词,代替由不定式,ing形式或从句表示的真正的主语或宾语,如,It"snogoodtellinghimthat.It"snecessaryforyoutodoso.

(4)用在强调结构中,构成强调句式:Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who/whom+句子其余部分,可强调除谓语以外的句子其他成分,如,ItwasthismorningthatIsawhiminthestreet.ItwasIwhosawhiminthestreetthismorning.ItwasinthestreetthatIsawhimthismorning.ItwashimwhomIsawinthestreetthismorning.

2、therebe句型

英语表示某时某处或某物时,常用therebe句型,这是一种倒装结构,如,Therearealotofstudentsplayingontheground.Thereisgoingtobeatestthisafternoon.

当主语有两个或两个以上时,动词be常和最近的那个主语取得一致,如,Thereisapenandthreepencilsinthepencil-box.Thereisn"tadesk,abenchandthreechairsintheroom.Therearelotsofpeoplelikeit,aren"tthere?

therebe句型,谓语动词除be之外,还可用其他表示存在,位置移动等意义的不及物动词或词组,如exist,stand,lie,enter,come,happentobe,appeartobe等,如,Therestandsahouseatthefootofthehill.

therebe句型表示"存在"而have表"有"、"拥有",所以therebe中be不能换成have,但当have表示事物的特征时,可用"主语+have"结构替换therebe句型,如:Therearefivedoorsinthehouse.Thehousehasfivedoors.therebe的其它句型:

1、Theremustbeameetingintheoffice.2、Therehavebeengreatchangessince1979.3、Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.I.例题

例1____thathewenttosleep.

AItwasuntilmidnightBThatwasuntilmidnightCItwasnotuntilmidnightDThatwasnotuntilmidnight

解析:该题答案为C。强调until结构时,要将否定词not移到until前。又如:Hedidn"tleaveuntiltwelve改为Itwasnotuntiltwelvethatheleft.

例2Therearealotofstudents____intheclassroom.AtalkBtalkingCtalkedDtotalk

解析:该题正确答案为B。Therebe句型为倒装句,可换为Alotofstudentsaretalkingintheclassroom.又如:Thereisalotofnoiseheardoutinthestreet.

(十六)省略

I.要点

有时为了避免重复,使语言简练紧凑,在不损害结构或引起误解的原则下,往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语。

1、固定习惯用词。如:Nosmoking!Thanksslot!等。

2.简单句中的省略

(1)口语中,一、二、三人称的主语,有时还包括谓语都可以省略。如:(Itis)Nicetoseeyou!

(Thisis)LiMingspeaking.

(2)所有格后的名词如为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略。如:I"mgoingtovisitTom"s(house).Imethimatthetailor"s(shop).

(3)两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起时,第一个不定式带to,后面的不定式可省to.如:Hisjobistocleanandmendthemachine.

(4)主(宾)语补足语中的tobe常省略。Hewasconsidered(tobe)thebeststudentintheclass.(5)Therebe结构中therebe可同时省略,或只省略there.如:(Isthere)Anythingwrong?

(6)表示年龄的yearsold,表示钟点的o"clock,minute等常省略。如:Whattimeisitnow?It"sten(o"clock).3从句中的省略

(1)宾语从句,以which,when,where,how和why引起的宾语从句谓语与主句谓语如相同,可省略从句中全部谓语,甚至主语也可省略,仅保留wh-一词。如:Hewillcome,butwedon"tknowwhen(hewillcome).Hedidn"tcome,Iwonderedwhy(hedidn"tcome).

(2)定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词,如:Theman(whom)Isawinthestreettheotherdayismyteacher.

(3)状语从句,在时间、地点、让步、方式、条件状语从句中,从句主语与主句主语一致,或从句主语是it,则be动词及其主语常可省略。如:I"lltellhimthatwhen(itis)possible.Iwon"tgothereunless(I"m)invited.II.例题

例1Abeamoflightwillnotbend(弯曲)roundcornersunless____todosowiththehelpofareflectingdevice(反射装置)。

AmadeBbeingmadeChavingmadeDtobemade

解析:该题正确答案为A。unless后省略了itis.makesb(sth)dosth变成被动语态则为sth/sbbemadetodo.

例2While____myhomework,Iheardacryforhelp.AdoBdidCdoingDhavingdone

解析:该题答案为C。该空处省略了I"m,相当于whileI"mdoingmyhomework.如:Whileplayingguitar,heissinging.

英语语法习题检测

1.Hewasagoodswimmersohe____swimtotheriverbankwhentheboatsank.A.canB.mightC.couldbeabletoD.wasableto

2.AttheChristmaspartySantaClaus(圣诞老人)____thepresentsunderthetree.A.handedbackB.handedoutC.handedinD.handedto

3.Tears____thelittlematchgirl"seyesasshethoughtofherkindgrandfather.A.randownB.felldownC.cametoD.rolledinto

4.Achildcan"tlearn____without____.A.tospell,helpingB.spelling,helpingC.spell,beinghelpedD.spelling,beinghelped

5.OnlyonemanhadeverbeenelectedPresidentfourtimes,____FranklinD.Roosevelt.

A.forexampleB.suchasC.theoneofwhomD.thatistosay

6.____,themedicalteamismadeupoftwelvedoctors.A.AltogetherB.EntirelyC.CompletelyD.Wholly

7.----____.

----Haveagoodtime.A.I"vetoseethedoctornowB.It"stimefordinner

C.IwenttotheconcertlastnightD.I"mgoingtoapartynow

8.Themanlivesina____place.Thatis,helives____fromhere.A.faraway,farawayB.faraway,farawayC.faraway,farawayD.faraway,faraway

9.Thepatient"sprogresswasencouragingashecould____getoutofbedwithouthelp.A.nearlyB.onlyC.hardlyD.badly

10.Wehavetosetoffrightaway,____we?A.doB.don"tC.haveD.haven"t

11.Thestreetlights____onwhennightfalls.A.willhaveturnedB.willhavebeenturningC.willbeturnedD.willbeturning

12."Well,inthetranslation,theword____adifferentmeaning,"saidMissDianna.A.takesonB.takesupC.lookslikeD.hasalookat

13.Whenhewasthrough____hegotupandleft.

A.totalkB.tobetalkedC.talkingD.beingtalked

14.Thetownhas____bridge.

A.afineoldstone"sB.anoldfinestone"sC.afineoldstoneD.anoldfinestones

15.Ididn"tbuytheapples;hegavethemtome____nothing.A.withB.forC.atD.by

16.____speaktomelikethatagain.A.NeverB.NotC.NottoD.Can"t

17.Egyptis____theoldestcountriesintheworld.A.oneB.betweenC.amongD.inthemiddleof

18.Theyfought____theendandwon____theend.A.in,toB.to,inC.in,inD.to,to

19.I____threehoursonthetextanditwill____meanotherhourforthegrammar.A.havespent,takeB.spend,needhaveC.take,spendD.need,take

20.Theplayputonbythestudentswasquitedifferent____youimagined.A.fromwhatB.tothatC.fromwhichD.towhich

21.Here____theworkerandwriter.

A.comestoB.comesC.comeD.arecoming

22.Wouldyouliketohave____morebread?A.someB.anyC.afewD.little23.Therewillbefew,if____.

A.someB.anyC.muchD.many

24.Ihave____thingstodo.Ican"tplay____.A.many,nomoreB.alotof,anymoreC.muchmore,moreD.muchof,anymore

25.Iwalked50milestoday.IneverguessedthatIcouldwalk____far.A.thatB.thisC.suchD.as

26.IamsorryItookyourumbrella____mistake.A.withB.throughC.forD.by

27.Youcangowhereyoulike____yougetbackbeforedark.A.aswellasB.aslongasC.assoonasD.soasto

28.____weknow,thisisthebestofitskind.A.BecauseB.WhenC.AsfarasD.That

29.Thereisn"tanywater____aironthemoon.A.andB.orC.butD.both

30.Itwasnotlong____weclimbedupthemountain.A.afterB.beforeC.sinceD.until

31.Thegirlgrew____ageandwisdom.A.forB.inC.withD.by

32.Theclimate(气候)inBeijingdoesnotagree____me.A.onB.toC.withD.in

33.There"sapolicecarinfrontofthedepartmentstore.Whatdoyousuppose____.A.ishappenedB.hashappenedC.wouldhappenD.didhappen

34.____betterattention,thecabbages(洋白菜)couldhavegrownbetterwiththesun____themlight.

A.Given,gaveB.Given,givingC.Giving,givenD.Giving,giving

35.Whatis____next?

A.todoB.tobedoneC.doingD.done

36."ADreamoftheRedChamber"(红楼梦)issaid____intodozensoflanguagesinthelastdecade(十年).

A.tohavebeentranslatedB.tobetranslatedC.totranslateD.tohavetranslated

37.Somescientistssaythattheneedforfreshwater____bytheyear201*.A.willhavedoubledB.willbedoublingC.bedoubledD.hasdoubled

38.It____Ihadnomoneywithmeatthemoment.A.issohappenedthatB.wassohappenedthatC.sohappenedwhichD.sohappenedthat

39.Whatdoestheweighingmachine____?A.expressB.explainC.readD.write

40.Overahundredboyscameto____outforthefootballteam.A.goB.runC.tryD.make

41.Thereare____boysthangirlsinourclass.

A.muchmoreB.manymoreC.manyD.alotmany

42.Hishealthis____.

A.aspoor,ifnotpoorerthan,hissisterB.aspoorashissister"sifnotpoorC.aspooras,ifnotpoorerthan,hissister"sD.aspoor,ifnotpoorerthanhissister"s

43.Thetreescan____partoftheheatfromthesun.A.keepupB.keeponC.keepoutD.keepupwith44.____hearingthenews,wejumped____joy.A.On,withB.In,toC.At,inD.For,with

45.Thehotweatherwill____anothermonth,Ithink.A.goonwithB.goonforC.getonwithD.goonto

46.WhenIwasatschool,I____tothelibraryeveryafternoon.A.hasgoneB.wentC.wasgoingD.hadbeengoing

47."Doyougotoschool?""____."A.No,IgohomeB.Yes,IamC.No,IworkD.No,Icycle

48."ShallIkeepthebookorpassitontoJack?""____,please."

A.Yes,youshallB.No,youmustn"tC.Yes,pleasekeepitD.PassitontoJack

49.Thesephotographswillshowyou____.A.whatdoesourvillagelooklikeB.whatourvillagelookslikeC.howdoesourvillagelooklikeD.howourvillagelookslike

50.Pleaseexplain____.

A.methesentenceB.thesentencetomeC.metothesentenceD.thesentenceforme

答案:

1-5DBCDD6-10ADDAB11-15CACCB16-20ACBAA21-25BABBA26-30DBCBB

31-35CCBBB36-40AADCC41-45BCCAB46-50BCDBB

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