英语专四语法总结—复合句
英语专四语法总结复合句
复合句形容词性(定语)从句1.尤其要注意whose的用法
whose在从句中做定语，修饰名词。所以，如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词，且关系代词又不在从句中做主语或宾语，那么，这个关系代词就应该是whose。如：Heistherightpersonwhosepersonalityiswellrecognized.2.介词+which的用法如果从句中主宾成分齐全，考生便可考虑关系代词是否在从句中做状语，而状语通常用介词短语充当，于是可以得知，关系代词前面应有介词，再分析所给的选项，根据与名词的搭配作出正确选择。如：
Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.3.as与which用作关系代词的区别
(1)as与thesame,such,so,as等关联使用。如：Astheforestgoes,sogoesitsanimallife.
(2)as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句，但as在句中的位置比较灵活，可出现在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出现在句末，尤其是当先行词是整个句子时。如：Asistrueinallinstitutions,juriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.
Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.
常见的这类结构有：ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenmentionedabove,ascanbeimagined,asisknowntoall,ashasbeenannounced,ascanbeseenfromthesefigures,asmight/couldbeexpected,asisoftenthecase,ashasbeenpointedout,asoftenhappens,aswillbeshown等。
4.关系代词that与which用于引导定语从句的区别
(1)如果关系代词在从句中做宾语，用that,which都可以，而且可以省略；
(2)先行词是不定代词anything,nothing,little,all,everything时，关系代词用that；
(3)先行词由形容词最高级或序数词修饰或由next，last,only,very修饰时，用that；(4)非限定性定语从句只能用which引导；(5)关系代词前面如果有介词，只能用which。
5.but做关系代词，用于否定句，相当于who…not,that…not这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定意义的词。如：
Therearefewteachersbutknowhowtouseacomputer.Thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedbyacomputer.复合句名词性从句
一个句子起名词的作用，在句中做主语、宾语／介词宾语、表语、同位语，那么这个句子就是名词性从句。
1.what/whatever的用法考生应把握：what是关系代词，它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用。如：
Theylosttheirwayintheforest,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语)
Waterwillcontinuetobewhatitistodaynextinimportancetooxygen.(what既引导表语
从句又在从句中做表语)
2.whoever和whomever的区别
whoever和whomever相当于anyonewho，用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。如：
Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstowhoevercomesfirst.(whoever在从句中做主语)3.有关同位语从句的问题
(1)引导词通常为that,但有时因名词内容的需要，也可由whether及连接副词why,when,where,how引导。that不表示任何意义，其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。如：Theproblem,whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation,athomeorabroad,remainsuntouched.(2)同位语从句有时与先行词隔开，注意识别。如：
Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.
4.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别(1)主语从句只能用whether引导；
(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式，而if引导的从句可以有否定式；(3)whetherornot可以连在一起用，而ifornot则不能，ornot只能放在句末；(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句，if则不能；
(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时，只能用whether引导；
(6)在question,ask后面一般只用whether，question的同位语从句也用whether引导；(7)后接不定式时，只能用whether。
5.动词believe,expect,fancy,imagine,suppose,think后的宾语从句如为否定式，一般将否定词转移到主句谓语上。
复合句副词性(状语)从句副词在句中起状语作用，故如果起状语作用的部分为一个句子，那么该句便是副词性从句，也称状语从句。状语从句可细分为：时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、方式等。
状语从句的测试重点为：考查考生对主从句之间逻辑意义关系的把握，看其是否能选择正确的从属连词。
1.条件状语从句的常考知识点
(1)if与unless的用法。if和unless都是引导条件状语从句的连词，考生应尤其注意unless的用法，因为它表示反面条件，相当于ifnot“如果不”、“除非”。如：Indebating,onemustcorrecttheopponent’sfacts,denytherelevanceofhisproof,ordenythatwhathepresentsasproof,ifrelevant,issufficient.
(2)复合连词aslongas，solongas，asfaras，onconditionthat，intheeventthat；动词及分词provided(that)，providing(that)，giventhat,suppose/supposing(that)，assuming，say等引导条件状语从句。如：
YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingprovidedyoudon’tmindtakingthenighttrain.
Assumingheisdiligentinhisstudiesatordinarytimes,heissuretopassthetest.
Intheeventthatshehasnotbeeninformed,Iwilltellher.(如果……)Youcangoswimmingonconditionthatyoudon’tgotoofarfromtheriverbank.(如果……)
Supposeitrained,wewouldstillgo.(假如……)Sayitweretrue,whatwould
youdoaboutit?(假如……)
(3)祈使句表示条件。如：Dresswarmly,orelseyou’llcatchcold.
Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,andyou’llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered.
2.让步状语从句的常考知识点
(1)as引导让步从句，要求用倒装结构，把强调的部分置于句首。如：Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.Humbleasitmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome.(2)while引导让步从句。如:
Everybodycheatsalittle,somepsychologistssay,whileothersinsistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyhonestandsomewouldn’tcheatunderanycircumstances.
(3)复合连接词forallthat和分词granting/granted(that)引导让步从句。如:Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.
Forallthatcomputerscanprovideuswithgreathelp,theyshouldn’tbeseenassubstitutesforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.3.时间状语从句的常考知识点
(1)before表示汉语的“只有/必须……才能”。如:Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullyaccepted.
(2)when引导时间从句时，如果出现在后半句，则表示“这/那时突然”。如：IhavejuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclotheswhenIheardthevoices.
(3)whenitcomesto是习惯用法，意为“当谈到……时”。如：
Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytruewhenitcomestoclassroomtests.
(4)名词短语、介词短语each/everytime,themoment/second/minute,inthetime,bythetime起连词作用。如:
Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.
MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”
Mercury’svelocityissomuchgreaterthantheEarth’sthatitcompletesmorethanfourrevolutionsaroundtheSuninthetimeittakestheEarthtocompleteone.
(5)副词directly,immediately,instantly,now引导时间从句,相当于assoonas。如:
Thepolicemenwentintoactiondirectlytheyheardthealarm.4.原因状语从句的常考知识点
(1)inthat引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。如:
Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunicationinthattheadvertiserpaysforthemessagetobedelivered.
Criticismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes.
(2)nowthat表示“既然”;seeingthat,considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。如:Nowthatwehaveallthematerialready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskatonce.
Hedidpoorlyintheexaminations,consideringhowhardhehadtriedforthem.
Seeingthatsheislawfullyoldenoughtogetmarried,Idon’tthinkyoucanstopher.
其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有:forthe(simple)reasonthat,byreasonthat,onthegroundsthat,inasmuchas,insofaras等。5.while,whereas引导对比从句
如:WhiletheteenagepopulationintheUnitedStateshasdeclinedoverthepastdecade,violentcrimescommittedbyjuvenileshavesharplyincreased.Ababymightshowfearofanunfamiliaradult,whereasheislikelytosmileandreachouttoanotherinfant.
6.so…that…,withtheresultthat,somuchsothat引导结果状语从句
如:Overtheyears,alargenumberofoverseasstudentshavestudiedatthatuniversitywiththeresultthatithasacquiredsubstantialexperienceindealingwiththem.
Hehimselfbelievedinfreedom,somuchsothathewouldratherdiethanlivewithoutit.
7.inorderthat,incase,forfearthat,lest(用虚拟语气)引导目的状语从句如:Givemeyourtelephonenumber,incaseIneedyourhelp.
HelenlistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhatJohnwanted.
8.where作为连接副词的一种用法,翻译为“在……地方”
如:InJapan,aperson’scapabilitiesarenotforcedintoaninflexiblespecialty.Wherethereiswillingnessandintelligence,thereisaplacewithinthecompanytotryandtosucceed.
扩展阅读：英语专四语法总结—复合句
复合句名词性从句
一个句子起名词的作用，在句中做主语、宾语／介词宾语、表语、同位语，那么这个句子就是名词性从句。
1.what/whatever的用法考生应把握：what是关系代词，它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用。如：
Theylosttheirwayintheforest,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.
(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语)
Waterwillcontinuetobewhatitistodaynextinimportancetooxygen.(what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语)2.whoever和whomever的区别
whoever和whomever相当于anyonewho，用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。如：
Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstowhoevercomesfirst.(whoever在从句中做主语)
3.有关同位语从句的问题
(1)引导词通常为that,但有时因名词内容的需要，也可由whether及连接副词why,when,where,how引导。that不表示任何意义，其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。如：Theproblem,whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation,athomeorabroad,remainsuntouched.
(2)同位语从句有时与先行词隔开，注意识别。如：
Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.
4.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别(1)主语从句只能用whether引导；
(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式，而if引导的从句可以有否定式；(3)whetherornot可以连在一起用，而ifornot则不能，ornot只能放在句末；(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句，if则不能；(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时，只能用whether引导；
(6)在question,ask后面一般只用whether，question的同位语从句也用whether引导；
(7)后接不定式时，只能用whether。
5.动词believe,expect,fancy,imagine,suppose,think后的宾语从句如为否定式，一般将否定词转移到主句谓语上。复合句副词性(状语)从句
副词在句中起状语作用，故如果起状语作用的部分为一个句子，那么该句便是副词性从句，也称状语从句。状语从句可细分为：时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、方式等。
状语从句的测试重点为：考查考生对主从句之间逻辑意义关系的把握，看其是否能选择正确的从属连词。
1.条件状语从句的常考知识点
(1)if与unless的用法。if和unless都是引导条件状语从句的连词，考生应尤其注意unless的用法，因为它表示反面条件，相当于ifnot“如果不”、“除非”。如：Indebating,onemustcorrecttheopponent’sfacts,denytherelevanceofhisproof,ordenythatwhathepresentsasproof,ifrelevant,issufficient.
(2)复合连词aslongas，solongas，asfaras，onconditionthat，intheeventthat；动
词及分词provided(that)
，providing(that)
，given
that,
suppose/supposing(that)，assuming，say等引导条件状语从句。如：
YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingprovidedyoudon’tmindtakingthenighttrain.
Assumingheisdiligentinhisstudiesatordinarytimes,heissuretopassthetest.
Intheeventthatshehasnotbeeninformed,Iwilltellher.(如果……)
Youcangoswimmingonconditionthatyoudon’tgotoofarfromtheriverbank.(如果……)Supposeitrained,wewouldstillgo.(假如……)Sayitweretrue,whatwouldyoudoaboutit?(假如……)
(3)祈使句表示条件。如：Dresswarmly,orelseyou’llcatchcold.
Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,andyou’llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered.2.让步状语从句的常考知识点
(1)as引导让步从句，要求用倒装结构，把强调的部分置于句首。如：Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.
Humbleasitmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome.(2)while引导让步从句。如:
Everybodycheatsalittle,somepsychologistssay,whileothersinsistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyhonestandsomewouldn’tcheatunderanycircumstances.(3)复合连接词forallthat和分词granting/granted(that)引导让步从句。如:Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.
Forallthatcomputerscanprovideuswithgreathelp,theyshouldn’tbeseenassubstitutesforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.3.时间状语从句的常考知识点
(1)before表示汉语的“只有/必须……才能”。如:Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullyaccepted.
(2)when引导时间从句时，如果出现在后半句，则表示“这/那时突然”。如：
IhavejuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclotheswhenIheardthevoices.
(3)whenitcomesto是习惯用法，意为“当谈到……时”。如：
Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytruewhenitcomestoclassroomtests.
(4)名词短语、介词短语each/everytime,themoment/second/minute,inthetime,bythetime起连词作用。如:Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.
MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”
Mercury’svelocityissomuchgreaterthantheEarth’sthatitcompletesmorethanfourrevolutionsaroundtheSuninthetimeittakestheEarthtocompleteone.
(5)副词directly,immediately,instantly,now引导时间从句,相当于assoonas。如:Thepolicemenwentintoactiondirectlytheyheardthealarm.4.原因状语从句的常考知识点
(1)inthat引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。如:
Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunicationinthattheadvertiserpaysforthemessagetobedelivered.
Criticismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes.
(2)nowthat表示“既然”;seeingthat,considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。如:Nowthatwehaveallthematerialready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskatonce.Hedidpoorlyintheexaminations,consideringhowhardhehadtriedforthem.Seeingthatsheislawfullyoldenoughtogetmarried,Idon’tthinkyoucanstopher.
其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有:forthe(simple)reasonthat,byreasonthat,onthegroundsthat,inasmuchas,insofaras等。5.while,whereas引导对比从句
如:WhiletheteenagepopulationintheUnitedStateshasdeclinedoverthepastdecade,violentcrimescommittedbyjuvenileshavesharplyincreased.Ababymightshowfearofanunfamiliaradult,whereasheislikelytosmileandreachouttoanotherinfant.6.so…that…,withtheresultthat,somuchsothat引导结果状语从句如:Overtheyears,alargenumberofoverseasstudentshavestudiedatthatuniversitywiththeresultthatithasacquiredsubstantialexperienceindealingwiththem.
Hehimselfbelievedinfreedom,somuchsothathewouldratherdiethanlivewithoutit.
7.inorderthat,incase,forfearthat,lest(用虚拟语气)引导目的状语从句如:Givemeyourtelephonenumber,incaseIneedyourhelp.
HelenlistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhatJohnwanted.
8.where作为连接副词的一种用法,翻译为“在……地方”
如:InJapan,aperson’scapabilitiesarenotforcedintoaninflexiblespecialty.Wherethereiswillingnessandintelligence,thereisaplacewithinthecompanytotryandtosucceed.
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