英语论文结论部分写作特点总结
英语论文写作
论文结论部分(Conclusion)写作特点总结
Conclusion
Conclusion是作者对所研究课题进行的总体性讨论,具有严密的科学性和客观性,反映本研究课题的价值,同时对以后的研究具有指导意义。
Conclusion与Introduction遥相呼应,因为Introduction部分介绍了本课题的研究目的,那么Conclusion要告诉读者这些目的是否达到,在研究中做了哪些工作,取得了什么结果,这些结果说明了什么问题,有何价值和意义,研究过程中存在或发现了哪些问题,原因是什么,建议如何解决等。
Conclusion的具体内容通常包含以下几个部分:(1)概括说明本课题的研究内容、结果及其意义与价值。
(2)比较具体地说明本研究证明了什么假设或理论,得出了什么结论,研究结果有何实
用价值,有何创造性成果或见解,解决了什么实际问题,有何应用前景等。(3)与他人的相关研究进行比较。
(4)本课题的局限性、不足之处,还有哪些尚待解决的问题。(5)展望前景,或指出进一步研究的方向。Conclusion通常使用现在时态
Result和Conclusion本次选取5篇文章,
第一篇,论文中的主要Result已在第2部分和第三部分中叙述,在Conclusion又重新总结了一下。
第二篇,论文中的主要Result写在Conclusion中。
第三篇,论文中的主要Result写在第3部分(3.CASESTUDIESANDRESULTS)中,Result和Conclusion是分开的。
第四篇,论文中的主要Result已第4部分的(IV.ResultsandDiscussion)中进行叙述,Result和Conclusion是分开的。
第五篇,论文中的主要Result已第4部分的(4.Resultsanddiscussion)中进行叙述,Result和Conclusion是分开的。
第1篇
题目:AnoverviewofNACA6-digitairfoilseriescharacteristicswithreferencetoairfoilsforlargewindturbineblades
IV.Conclusions
Thetwo-dimensionalaerodynamicscharacteristicsoftheNACA63and64six-digitseriesofairfoilsmeasuredintheNASALTPThavebeeninvestigated,withaviewtoverifyRFOILcalculationsathighReynoldsnumbers.Thefollowingconclusionscanbedrawn:
-Thezero-liftangleoftheNACA64-618airfoilneedstobeadjustedwith-0.4degrees.-Thezero-liftangleofTheNACA63-615needstobecorrectedwith-0.87degreesinthe
smoothcaseandwith+1degreeincaseofwraparoundroughness.
-ThemaximumliftcoefficientspredictedwithRFOILmatchtheLTPTdatawellatRe=3x106,
butunderpredicttheCl,maxatRe=6x106by3.5%,upto6.5%atRe=9x106.-Itisuncertainiftheestablisheddifferencesinliftbetweenexperimentandcalculationsare
causedbyaconstantbiasinthemeasurementsorbythefactthattheRFOILcodefailstopredicttherightlevelofmaximumlift.
-RFOILconsistentlyunderpredictsthedragcoefficient.Thedifferenceisabout9%forawiderangeofairfoilsandReynoldsnumbers
-NACAstandardroughnesscausesareductionintheliftcoefficientof18%to20%formostairfoilsfromtheNACA64series
-Thezero-liftangleofairfoilNACA64-418withwrap-aroundroughnessneedsacorrectionof+0.54degrees.
-Windtunnelexperimentsandside-by-sidetestsinthefieldwithonecleanrotorneedtobedonetobeabletobetterpredicttheeffectsofroughness.写作特点:
内容:第1句,概括了文章的的主要研究内容。第2句至第8句逐条的列出了文章的得出结
论。
使用了被动语态,Thetwo-dimensionalaerodynamicscharacteristicsoftheNACA63and64
six-digitseriesofairfoilsmeasuredintheNASALTPThavebeeninvestigatedhavebeeninvestigated.
主要时态为一般现在时态
第2篇
题目:HIGH-LIFTENHANCEMENTUSINGACTIVEFLOWCONTROL
V.CONCLUSIONS
Thehigh-liftperformanceofanairfoilwithasingle-elementflapisenhancedsignificantlyusinganactiveflowcontrolsystemconsistingofspanwisefluidicactuatorsthatareintegratedneartheseparationpoint.Spanwisearraysofspanwise-oscillatingornon-oscillatingjetsissuetangentiallytothelocalsurfacefromaminiaturedownstreamfacingsurfacestep.Jetactuationleadstoflowattachmentofvaryingstreamwiseextentthatdependsonthejetmomentumcoefficientandtheformationofalowpressuredomainnearthejuncturebetweenthemainbodyandtheflap.Asaresult,liftisincreasedsubstantially,byasmuchasCL=1.40,1.22and1.04atRec=6.7105,8.3105and1.0106,respectively,forα=4.
Inthepresentexperiments,threespanwiserowsoffluidicjetsareplacedinthevicinityofthejunctureandoperatedinvariouscombinationsleadingtosignificantincreasesinlift.Theupstream(x/c=0.59)andmiddle(x/c=0.61)actuators,whichareclosesttoseparation(x/c=0.62)aremosteffective,whilethedownstreamactuator(x/c=0.64)onlyproducesasignificantliftincrementwhenoperatedinconjunctionwithoneoftheotheractuators.Thedegreeofflowattachmentincreaseswithjetmomentumcoefficientandsimultaneousoperationofmultipleactuatorscanincreasetheliftincrementfurtherevenwhentheflowisattached.Actuationresultsinastrongsuctionpeaknearthejuncture(Cp~7.5)andalsoleadstoincreasesinsuctiononthemainbodyoftheairfoilandneartheleadingedge.Theliftincrementismeasuredoverarangeofanglesofattack(0<α<12)andisaccompaniedbyanincreaseinlift-inducedpressuredragandanincreaseinnose-downpitchingmoment.
Itisshownthatthehigh-liftperformancecanbeimprovedsignificantlybydesignmodificationsofthesurfaceinterfacebetweenthejetactuatorsandthesurroundingflow.Inparticular,modifyingthejetorificesfroma“stepped”toa“recessed”configurationenhancestheinteractionofthejetswiththecrossflow,resultinginincreasedliftforagivenmomentumcoefficient,particularlyatlowerlevelsofC.Therecesseddesignalsoreducesthelossinliftcausedbythepresenceoftheorificesandtheattachedflowexhibitssignificantlystrongersuctionpeaksneartheflapjunctureandtheleadingedge.AtC=0.36%theupstreamactuatoryieldsCL=0.57and0.79forthesteppedandrecessedconfigurations,respectively,andoperatingthecombinationofupstreamandmiddleactuatorsatC=0.36%eachyieldsCL=0.78and0.92,respectively.
TheeffectoftheactuatorjetsontheattachedflowischaracterizedusingPIVmeasurementsoftheflowfieldovertheflapandadditionalhigh-magnificationmeasurementsinthevicinityoftheactuators.Intheabsenceofactuation,theflowseparatesnearthejuncturebetweentheflapandthemainbody(x/c=0.62),formingarecirculatingdomainovertheflapandadetachedvorticitylayer.Actuationleadstocompleteflowattachmentthroughthetrailingedgewithsignificantaccelerationoftheflowwithintheattachedboundarylayerdownstreamoftheactuatorsandoutsideoftheboundarylayeralongmostoftheflap.AtC=1.6%aninteractiondomaincontainingacross-streamvelocitypeak(~2.3timesthemaximumspeedofthejetunderquiescentconditions)isformedalongtheflapbetweentheactuatorjetandthefreestreamflowthatisparticularlyapparentusingtherecessedconfiguration.
这篇文章的结论部分很特殊,统计的结果为565个单词,包含了4个段落。
第1段概括了文章的主要研究内容(activeflowcontrolsystem),第2段到第4段主要说明了文章的研究方法(experiment,PIV),以及一些具体的结果。
主要时态为一般现在时态
第3篇
题目:REPRESENTATIONMETHODEFFECTSONGENETICALGORITHMIN2-D
AIRFOILDESIGNVIBRATIONAL
4.CONCLUSION
Inthisarticle,BezierandParsecrepresentationmethodsaretestedintwodifferentflowconditions;subsonicandtransonicflows.InthefisttestcasebothrepresentationmethodsarecomparedviaVGAoptimizationtoolunderthesubsonicflowconditions.ThecomparisonbetweenBezierandParsecrepresentationmethodsisshowninFig.8.ThisplotemphasizesthesuperiorityofParsecrepresentationmethod.InthesecondtestcasebothrepresentationmethodsarecomparedviaVGAoptimizationtoolunderthetransonicflowconditions.ThecomparisonbetweenBezierandParsecrepresentationmethodsisshowninFig.11.ThisplotemphasizesthesuperiorityofBezierrepresentationmethod.FromthesecasesitisconcludedthatParsecmethodismoreglobalandmoreefficientthanBeziermethodinsubsonicflows.However,BeziermethodismoreflexiblethanParsecmethodwithintransonicflows.
本篇文章相比于上篇文章内容上比较简短:统计结果为134个单词,包含1个段落第1句,概括了文章的的主要研究内容。第2句至第7句回顾了文章中的两个算例。第8句说明了本文方法的优越性,最后一句说明了本文方法的不足。主要时态为一般现在时态
句型:Inthisarticle,
ThecomparisonbetweenisshowninFig.8.
FromthesecasesitisconcludedthatHowever,
第4篇
题目:UnsteadyFlowSimulationofaHigh-LiftconfigurationusingaLatticeBoltzmann
Approach
V.ConclusionsSimulationsofagenerichigh-liftgeometrywerecarriedoutusingtheLatticeBoltzmannbasedcodePowerFLOWwiththeframeworkofthe1stAIAACFDHighLiftPredictionWorkshopheldin201*.Theresultsshownhereweretheonlyunsteadysimulationsamongallworkshopparticipantsandshowexcellentagreementofdragandliftforcesaswellascpdistributionsforallworkshopcases.GoodpredictionsintheregionofmaximumliftwereaparticularlydistinguishingfeatureoftheLatticeBoltzmannsimulations,indicatingtheimportanceofunsteadysimulationsincorrectlycapturingstronglyseparatedflowstructures.Theslightover-predictionofcL,maxobservedforthebaselinecasewasshowntobelargelyattributabletotheabsenceofslatandflapbracketsinthesimulations.Addingthesebrackets(Case3oftheworkshop)showsasignificantreductionofliftinparticularatthehigherangleofattack,bringingthesimulationresultstoalmostperfectagreementwithmeasuredresults.Theeffectofchangingflapangleswasalsowellcapturedbythesimulations.
Thepositionoflaminar-to-turbulencetransitionwassetformostofthesimulationspresentedherebasedonpublishedexperimentalresultssincethemethodusedforthecurrentstudyusesawallmodelratherthanfullyresolvingtheboundarylayer.Fullyturbulentsimulationswerecarriedoutforselectedconfigurationsandshowedasignificantreductionoflift.
Inadditiontotheworkshopcasesastudyofwindtunnelblockageeffectsisshownhere.Addingwallsinthesimulationcorrespondingtothedimensionsofthewindtunnelledtoachangeofpredictedforcesconsistentwiththecorrectionsappliedtotheexperimentalresults.
ComputationaltimesrequiredfortheunsteadysimulationsweregenerallyinthesameorderofmagnitudeorevenslightlybelowastheRANSsimulationspresentedbyotherworkshopparticipants,confirmingthehighlevelofefficiencyoftheunsteadyLatticeBoltzmannmethod.Overall,thismethodwasshowntobeaninterestingandviablealternativetothepredominantlyusedRANSmethodsforthesimulationofhigh-liftwings.
本篇文章的结论也相对较长,统计结果为329个单词,包含4个段落第1段概括了文章的的主要研究内容。
第2段对文章中的使用的计算方法中的laminar-to-turbulencetransition进行了说明。第3段文章中的使用的计算方法中的一点(Addingwallsinthesimulation)进行了说明。第4段对文章的计算效率进行了说明。进一步说明文章方法的优越性。
主要时态为一般现在时态
第5篇
题目:Designofanewurbanwindturbineairfoilusingapressure-loadinversemethod
5.Conclusions
Apressure-loadinversedesignmethodwassuccessfullyappliedtothedesignofahigh-loadedairfoilforapplicationinasmallwindturbineforurbanenvironment.Thepressuredistributionofthedesignedbladesectionshowsasmoothincreaseofthebladepressure-load,definedasthepressuredifferencebetweentheupperandthelowersidesofthesection,fromtheleadingedgeupto20%oftheaxialchord.From20%upto80%oftheaxialchord,thepressure-loadisalmostconstantanditreducessmoothlytowardthetrailingedge.Theexperimentaltestingofthenewbladesection,asanisolatedairfoil,confirmedthehighmaximumliftandamoderatedrag.Futuredevelopmentswillconsidertheapplicationofthecurrentdesignmethodwithanoptimizationofthethicknessdistributionforviscousflow.Duetothespecificationofthebladeload,thismethodologywillreducethedragwithoutchangingthelift.
本篇文章的结论相对比较简洁,统计结果为149个单词,包含1个段落第1句概括了文章的的主要研究内容。第2句至第4句对文章方法进行了再次说明第5句进行了展望
第6句提到本文方法的优越性。主要时态为一般现在时态
扩展阅读:英文论文的结论部分写作要点
英文论文的结论部分写作要点(结论、致谢)
8.1如何写结论
学术文章的结论部分(Conclusion)是作者对有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。结论必须具有严密的科学性和客观性,它反映本研究课题的价值,同时对以后的研究具有指导意义。如果文章中的Discussion一节已对研究结果进行了全面的分析、综合、归纳、推理和总结,那么Conclusion则可以比较简短。
从某种意义上说,Conclusion与Introduction遥相呼应,因为Introduction部分介绍了本课题的研究目的,那么Conclusion要告诉读者这些目的是否达到,在研究中做了哪些工作,取得了什么结果,这些结果说明了什么问题,有何价值和意义,研究过程中存在或发现了哪些问题,原因是什么,建议如何解决等。8.1.1结论部分的内容与结构布局
一般来说,结论部分的具体内容及其组织框架如下。(1)概括说明本课题的研究内容、结果及其意义与价值。
(2)比较具体地说明本研究证明了什么假设或理论,得出了什么结论,研究结果有何实用价值,有何创造性成果或见解,解决了什么实际问题,有何应用前景等。(3)与他人的相关研究进行比较。
(4)本课题的局限性、不足之处,还有哪些尚待解决的问题。(5)展望前景,或指出进一步研究的方向。
在上面五项内容中,第一、二项是必不可少的。第三、四、五项内容可以根据需要而定。例
Overall,ourstudyhasrevealedavarietyofpatternsatthecommunityandpopulationlevels,noneofwhichseemtoindicateobviousdeclineinsoutheasternOhio"soak-hickory(橡树与山核桃科树木)forests.2Clearly,sporadicinsectoutbreaks,pathogens(病菌),andclimaticeventshavecausedexcessivemortalityofcertainspeciesincertainstands(树林).3Somestandsexhibitedmortalityashighas40%.4However,anaverageof20%deadstemsinastandappearstobereasonablewithoutinferringexcessivemortalityordecline.5Likewise,certainspecieswereinanobviousstateofdecline,butthesegenerallyhadaclearpathogenicexplanation.6Changesoccurringduetoinsectsandpathogensmaybeanaturalandnecessaryphenomenon(Castelloetal.1995).7Evaluationofdeclinesymptomsinsmallersizeclassesmightprovideadditionalusefulinformationtobeusedinunderstandingtheoakregenerationproblem.
分析:
例3摘自一篇关于俄亥俄东南部地区橡树与山核桃科树木生长状况的研究论文。第1句:对研究内容的总体概括。
第2~5句:总结研究结果,即某些树种死亡的原因是害虫、病菌和气候。其中第2句概括这些原因,第3~5句是具体结果及原因:有些林区的树木死亡率为40%,但是20%属于正常现象;有些树种死亡现象明显,原因是病菌的侵害。
第6句:引用他人的研究结果和观点,以解释上述结果。害虫和病菌的侵袭所造成的树木死亡是一种自然和必然的现象。第7句:指出以后的研究方向。
从例子可以看出,通过一项研究工作,可能会得出几条结论,这些结论的主次轻重可以从字里行间表现出来。如通过使用…hasthestrongestrelationship…点出了最主要的结论,而运用…also…这个词,来表示递进关系,说明这句话陈述的内容是研究结论之二。有时为了清楚醒目,可以将结论列成几条。
10.1.2结论部分的语言运用技巧
结论部分的语言除要严谨、连贯、精炼、确切以外,还要具有高度的概括性。
结论部分与其他各部分不同的是,现在时态(特别是一般现在时和现在完成时)使用频率很高,这是因为结论部分总结研究者到前为止做了些什么工作,得出了什么结果,这些结果对现在来说有什么影响、意义和价值,能够应用于什么地方,解决什么问题等。
结论中的句子既可以用主动语态,也可以用被动语态,总体上说,两种语态的使用频率差别无几。但有时结论部分侧重于研究内容、对象或结果,所以,往往将研究内容置于句首作主语,于是,谓语动词自然要使用被动语态。
用主动语态时,常常用thispaper,thisinvestigation,thisstudy,thissurvey,theresults,theanalysis或we,I等作主语。例9
a.Thisstudyclearlydemonstratesthat…b.Thisinvestigationdiscoversthat…c.Thisstudyrevealsthat…d.Wehavedescribed…
e.Wehaveshown…
f.Inthispaperwehaveproposed/discussed…g.Theseresultsrepresent…
例9中的a,b,c,g四个句子中,分别用了demonstrate,discover,reveal,represent作谓语,表示作者对研究结果所持的态度明确、肯定。
值得指出的是,作者有时对自己研究结果采取慎重的态度,不那么肯定地说“结果说明了……”、“证明了……”等,往往对动词加以修饰,表示作者不太肯定或慎重的态度,或者用以缓和语气。技巧如下。技巧1:用情态动词
最常用情态动词有will,can,may,及其过去式would,could,might等,表示“可能”之意。这三个情态动词语气依次减弱。同一情态动词的过去式比现在式语气弱。例10
a.Evaluationofdeclinesymptomsinsmallersizeclassesmightprovideadditionalusefulinformationtobeusedinunderstandingtheoakregenerationproblem.
b.Changesoccurringduetoinsectsandpathogensmaybeanaturalandnecessaryphenomenon.技巧2:用某些形容词和副词
不同的形容词和副词表达作者不同的态度和语气。如certainly,ofcourse,absolutely,definitely,clearly等词用来加强语气,表示作者态度肯定;almostcertain,probably,highlylikely次之。而likely,unlikely,possible,possibly,perhaps等词表示作者没有把握,语气比较弱。
例:Perhapschangesoccurringduetoinsectsandpathogensareanaturalandnecessaryphenomenon.技巧3:用seem,appear,tend等动词
这三个动词用在另一动词之前,构成seemto+do/be/have,appeartodo/be/have,tendtodo/be/have的结构,表示陈述的现象、内容或观点还有进一步探讨的余地。我们还以例3和例4中的句子为例:例12
a.However,anaverageof20%deadstemsinastandappearstobereasonablewithoutinferringexcessivemortalityordecline.
b.Scienceprojectsappeartobeanimportantpartofscienceeducation.下面的句子语气依次减弱:例13
a.Scienceprojectsareanimportantpartofscienceeducation.
b.Scienceprojectstendtobeanimportantpartofscienceeducation.c.Scienceprojectsappeartobeanimportantpartofscienceeducation.d.Scienceprojectsseemtobeanimportantpartofscienceeducation.
e.Itwouldappearthatscienceprojectsareanimportantpartofscienceeducation.技巧4:选用不同的动词
在分析、综合、归纳、推理过程中,常常会使用show,prove,illustrate,reveal,suggest,indicate,support,clarify,verify等动词。这些动词含义不同,所表示的语气或态度也不同。在使用同义词或近义词时,要注意区分它们的含义。例如,表达形成某现象的原因时,相近的动词有cause,leadto,contributeto,bethereasonof,betherootof等。选用不同动词都会对整个句子的意思产生影响。试比较以下句子:例14
a.C1early,sporadicinsectoutbreaks,pathogens(病菌),andclimaticeventshavecausedexcessivemortalityofcertainspeciesincertainstands.(表示直接原因,负全部责任)
b.C1early,sporadicinsectoutbreaks,pathogens(病菌),andclimaticeventshaveleadtoexcessivemortalityofcertainspeciesincertainstands.(有一个变化过程,表示间接原因)
a.C1early,sporadicinsectoutbreaks,pathogens(病菌),andclimaticeventshavecontributedtoexcessivemortalityofcertainspeciesincertainstands.(表示部分原因,一定还有别的原因)
结论中常用的句型框架还有:例15
a.Furtherinvestigationsareunderwayto…b.Furtherrefinementofthemodelsisneededto…c.Experimentshavebeendesignedto…
d.Analyticalmodelshavebeendevelopedusing…e.Itisfoundthat…
f.Itisfurtherconcludedthat…
g.Inthispaper,…arereviewed/investigated/observed/studied.h.Thepresentedstudyisconductedbyusing…
10.2如何写致谢
为了向论文的写作过程提供过帮助的组织和个人表示感谢,作者在结论之后,可写一段致谢(Acknowledgements)。致谢的对象根据情况而定,如资助单位或个人,指导教师以及其他为论文作者提出过建议或思想的人员等。致谢的对象要按一定的顺序,一般来说,项目资助单位或个人在前,其他人员在后。例16
Acknowledgements
SupportforthisprogramisprovidedbytheOhioStateUniversityExtensionandtheOhioAgriculturalResearchandDevelopmentCenter.AdditionalsupporthasbeenprovidedbytheUSDepartmentofAgriculture.例17
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:ThisresearchwaspartiallysupportedbytheNationalScienceFoundationunderGrantMSS8912521andbytheGrayResearchandDevelopmentOffice.例18
IwishtothankProfessorsSheldonGrebsteinandJohnHagopianfortheirvaluablesuggestions.IalsothankProfessorSylviaBowmanforhercommentsonthemanuscript.Inaddition,IoweanobligationtomyfriendFrancisHanksforhisconstantassistanceinthecourseoftheresearch.这里我们介绍一些致谢中的常用英语句型。(1)感谢赞助单位或个人
a.Supportforthisprogram/project/studyisprovidedby…b.Fundingforthisprogramisprovidedby…c.Ithank…forgivingfinancialSupportforthisstudy.d.Additionalsupportisprovidedby…
e.Researchforthispaperwaspartiallysupportedby…f.Thisresearchwasfundedby…(2)感谢提供资料的单位或个人a.Dataweresupplied/providedby…
b.Permissiontoquotefrommaterialprotectedbycopyrighthasbeengrantedby…c.Ithank…forthepermissiontoquotefrommaterialprotectedbycopyright.(3)感谢提出建议和帮助的个人
a.Ithank…forcommentsonthemanuscript.
b.Inaddition,Iamgratefulto…fortheirvaluablesuggestions,andto…forherpatienceandgoodcounsel.
c.Forhelpinthetechnicalassistance,Ithank…
d.Wethankthefollowingpeoplefortheirhelpfulcommentsondraftsofthispaper:…e.Inaddition,Iwishtothank…forhisvaluablesuggestions.
f.Fortheirencouragement,support,andresearchassistance,Iwouldliketothankthefollowingindividualswhohavecontributedsubstantiallytothecompletionofthisstudy/paper/work.(4)感谢不知名的审稿人
a.Theanonymousreviewershavealsocontributedconsiderablytothepublicationofthispaper.b.Inaddition,Iwouldliketothanktheanonymousreviewerswhohavehelpedtoimprovethepaper.(5)感谢其他人
a.Ialsooweanobligationto…
b.AlsoIwishtothank…fortheirmanycourtesies.c.Thanksisalsoextendedto…who…d.Iwishtothank…forhis…
10.3如何写参考文献
参考文献包括正式出版的书籍、期刊杂志或学术会议文章以及学位论文。写作时所参考过的文献都要标注来源,并在论文的最后参考文献(References)一部分列出详细内容。参考文献也可叫引用文献(LiteratureCited或WorksCited)。目前常用的参考文献标注方法有两种。一种是按参考文献出现的顺序用数字编排;另一种是作者+出版年编排法。下面分别加以介绍。10.3.1顺序编码体系
这种标注体系按文献出现的先后顺序编号,置于指引部分的右上角(可加方括号)。被引用的作者、文献名、出版时间、地点等详细内容列人论文后面的参考文献中。其顺序要与正文中标注的顺序一致。例19
Forecastsofthetracksofhurricaneshaveimprovedsteadilyoverthepastthreedecades1,owingtoacombinationofbetterobservationsandmuchimprovednumericalmodels.…Incontrasttotheimprovementsintrackforecasts,therehasbeencomparativelylittleadvanceinpredictionsofintensity1,inspiteofthesophisticatednumericalmodels.Thebestintensityforecaststodayarestatisticallybased2.Mostoftheresearchliteratureonhurricaneintensityfocusesonthepre-stormseasurfacetemperatureandcertainpropertiesoftheatmosphericenvironment3...
注:两处出现编码“1”’,表示这两处指引部分出处相同,详细内容都列在References中的第1项。References
1.Landsea,C.W.&Pielke,R.A.Jr."NormalizedHurricaneDamagesintheUnitedStates:1925-95".WeatherForecast.13,621-631(1994).
2.Bosart,L.F.etal."EnvironmentalInfluencesontheRapidIntensificationofHurricaneOpalovertheGulfofMexico".Preprintsofthe23rdConferenceonHurricanesandTropicalMeteorology983-984(AmericanMeteorologicalSociety,Boston,1999).3.DeMafia,M.&Kaplan,J."AStatisticalHurricaneIntensity
PredictionSchemeforAtlanticBasin".WeatherForecast.9,209-220(1994).各类文献顺序编码体系基本格式如下。(1)书籍基本格式如下:
作者姓,作者名.书名(斜体).出版地:出版单位,出版年代.例20
BreyerS.BreakingtheViciousCircle:TowardEffectiveRiskRegulation.Cambridge,MA:Harvard
UniversityPress,1995.(2)期刊或会议文章
期刊或会议文章与书籍的标注方法有同有异。作者或编者的注法、出版年代等与书籍注法相同。不同的是,期刊文章既要注上文章名,又要注上刊物名,还有刊物的第几期、第几卷、文章登在第几页等。会议文章要注上会议名称。基本格式如下:
作者姓,作者名.标题名(正体,引号).刊物名称/会议名称(斜体),出版年代,卷(期):起至页码.例21
a.Tytler,R."IndependentResearchProjectsinSchoolScience".InternationalJournalofScienceEducation,1992,14:393-411.
b.Onof,P.AndAdenle,J.B."PracticalTeachingofElectronicsSystemsDesign".Proceedingsofthe5thInternationalConferenceonEngineeringEducation,Naples,1998,397-402.
c.Bassac,C."ExperimentalUsesofElectricVehiclesinFrance".The9thInternationalElectricVehicleSymposium,Toronto,1998.(3)收集在书中的文章
收集在书中的文章要结合书籍与期刊文章的标注方法,基本格式如下:
作者姓,作者名.标题名(正体,引号),In编者姓名(ed.)书名(斜体).出版地:出版单位,出版年代,起至页码.例22
Canale,M."FromCommunicativeCompetencetoCommunicativePerformance".InRichards,J.andSchmidt,R.(eds.)LanguageandCommunication.NewYork:Longman,1983,274-301.(4)报告基本格式如下:
作者姓,作者名.标题名(正体,引号),报告序号.组织名,所在地,年代.例23
Jones,D.andEvans.D."SurveyofSmallEngineeringEnterprisesinWales,"ReportR72.WelshCouncilforEngineering,Cardiff,1997.(5)学位论文基本格式如下:
作者姓,作者名.标题名(正体,引号),学位论文,学位授予单位,年代.例24
Yoder,C.O."TheroleofBiologicalIndicatorsinaWaterQualityManagementProcess",Ph.D.dissertation,UniversityofIllinois,1998.
各类参考文献除了以上基本格式外,还要遵守以下原则。
(1)如果同一本书有两个作者,则将两个作者用and(&)连接;如果有三个以上作者,则在第一作者后加etal.字样,表示“等人”。(2)如不是第一版,要注明版本。
(3)如果参考的是译著,则把译者放在前面,译者后面注上(trans.),接着注上原作者。(4)如果一本书是由主编收集的文章,则在主编后注上(ed.),为editor的缩写;如果有两个以上编者则注上(eds.)。
(5)参考的章节或页码,则注在出版单位之后。现分别举例如下:例25
a.Foster,K.R.andBemstein,D.E.PhantomRisk:ScientificInferenceandtheLaw.Cambridge,MA:MITPress,1993.(两个作者)
b.Berry,W.etal.TheHiddenWord.SanFrancisco:NorthPointPress,1989.(三个以上作者)c.Lorenz,Konrad.(trans.)OnAggression.ByMarjorieKerrWilson.1966.NewYork:Bantam,1969.(译著)
d.Akmajian,A.etal.Linguistics,4thed.Cambridge,MA:MITPress,1995.(第四版)
e.Ball,S.J.andGoodson,I.F.(eds.)Teachers"LivesandCareers.Lewes:FalmerPress,1985.(两个编者)
f.Johnson,J.A.WritingStrategiesforESLStudents.NewYork:MacmillanPublishingCo.,1983.Chapter5.(参考此书中第五章)
以上各条原则同样也适用于作者十出版年体系。8.3.2作者+出版年体系
这种标注体系在每一处指引部分的后面标上作者和年代,放在圆括号内。而详细内容按照作者姓的字母顺序列在文章后面的References中。例26
ScienceprojectsaresupportedbytheAcademyofScience.Theacademyrecommendsscienceprojectsforallstudents"regardlessofanyacademicstandingorhandicap"(Mann1990:10).Manystudentsparticipatinginsciencefairsdosobecausetheyarerequiredbyateachertocompleteasciencefairprojectandmanyreportthattheirsciencefairprojectcountedtowardtheircoursegradeinscience
(CzerniakandLumpe1996).Completingascienceprojectandattendingasciencefairwerepurportedtohavemanypositiveeffectsforstudentsandtheirfutureinscience(Mann1990),however,thereexistslittleresearchonsciencefairprojects(Slisz1989)…References
Czemiak,C.M.1996."PredictorsofAchievementof7-12GradeStudentsinaDistrictScienceFairCompetition".SchoolScienceandMathematics,96:21-27.
Mann,J.Z.1990."ScienceDayGuide".OhioAcademyofScience,Columbus,OH.
Slisz,J.1989."EstablishingtheGoalsofaScienceFairBasedonSoundResearchStudies".InternationalJournalofScienceEducation.14:393-411.按作者十出版年体系编排参考文献,一般要遵循以下原则。(1)文献编排顺序按照作者姓的字母顺序。
(2)如果参考文献中有中文撰写的文章或书籍,有两种方法处理。一是用汉语拼音写作者名,并将其他内容译成英语,按字母顺序与其他文献统一排列。第二种方法是将中英文文献分别按字母顺序排列。
其他原则与顺序编码体系完全相同(见8.3.1节)。书籍、期刊论文、会议论文等文献的标注格式分别举例如下(按作者姓的字母顺序编排):例27
Akmajian,A.etal.1995.Linguistics,4thed.Cambridge,MA:MITPress.(书)Ball,S,J.andGoodson,I.F.(eds.)1985.Teachers"LivesandCareers.Lewes:FalmerPress.(书)
Bassac,C.1998."ExperimentalUsesofElectricVehiclesinFrance".The9thInternationalElectricVehicleSymposium,Toronto.(会议论文)
Berry,W.etal.1989.TheHiddenWord.SanFrancisco:NorthPointPress.(书)
BreyerS.1995.BreakingtheViciousCircle:TowardEffectiveRiskRegulation.Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversityPress.(书)
Canale,M.1983."FromCommunicativeCompetencetoCommunicativePerformance".InRichards,J.andSchmidt,R.(eds.)LanguageandCommunication.NewYork:Longman,274-301.(收集在书中的文章)
Foster,K.R.andBemstein,D.E.1993.PhantomRisk:ScientificInferenceandtheLaw.Cambridge,MA:MITPress.(书)
Johnson,J.A.1983.WritingStrategiesforESLStudents.NewYork:MacmillanPublishingCo.,
Chapter5.(书中的章节)
Lorenz,Konrad.(trans.)OnAggression.ByMariorieKerrWilson.1966.NewYork:Bantam,1969.(译著)
Onof,P.AndAdenle,J.B.1998."PracticalTeachingofElectronicsSystemsDesign".Proceedingsofthe5thInternationalConferenceonEngineeringEducation,Naples,397-402.(收集在会议论文集中的文章)
Tytler,R.1992."IndependentResearchProjectsinSchoolScience".InternationalJournalofScienceEducation,1992,14:393-411.(期刊上发表的文章)
Yoder,C.O.1998."TheroleofBiologicalIndicatorsinaWaterQualityManagementProcess",Ph.D.dissertation,UniversityofIllinois.(学位论文)
不同的学术刊物或学术会议对参考文献的格式或体系有明确规定,例如,有的规定出版年应紧跟在作者后,而有的则规定将出版年放在出版单位之后,有的规定出版年代要用括号,有的则规定不使用任何标点。作者必须按照规定加以标注。如果没有明确规定,作者自己要做到统一、固定、前后一致。思考题
一、下面一则结论摘自函授培训班学习效果研究的论文。分析其内容与结构,指出每一句话的作用。
TheoverallresultsindicatethatQualityWaterforHomeandFarmcorrespondenceprogrammettheobjectivesetfortheprogramandwasaneffectivemethodtodeliverwaterqualityandmanagementtraining.2pretestandpostresultsshowparticipantsincreasedtheirunderstandingofwaterandmanagementprinciplesinmostmajorareas.3However,additionaltrainingmaybeneededindisinfectionalternatives,ironandhydrogensulfideremoval,andproperwellconstruction.
分析:第1句:第2句:第3句:
二、下面一则结论摘自一篇关于飓风强度预测的论文,将括号中的动词变成合适的形式。
Conclusions
Thesimulationspresentedhere(1)_____________(suggest)that,oncetropicalcyclones(热带旋风)(2)____________(reach)tropical-stormstrength,theirintensityevolution(3)______________
(control)mostlybytheirinitialintensitytogetherwiththethermodynamicprofile(热力曲线)oftheatmosphereandupperoceanthroughwhichtheymove.Stormintensityisparticularlysensitivetothethermodynamicstructureoftheupperocean,andit(4)_____________(be)evidentthatinatleastsomecasestheclimatologicalspecification(气象特性曲线)oftheoceanthermalstructure(5)____________(be)insufficient.Accuratepredictionofhurricaneintensityintheseeasesprobably(6)____________(require)accuratemeasurementoftheupper-oceanthermalstructureaheadofthestorm.Thesimulationspresentedhere(7)_________(offer)hopethatevenwithaverysimplemodel,hurricaneintensity(8)__________(predict)withusefulskillasfarinadvanceasanaccuratetrackprediction(9)_____________(make).Suchtrackpredictions(10)_____________(require)three-dimensionalmodelsabletoaccountforthefullrangeofinteractionsbetweenthestormanditsenvironment.
三、将下列两组句子片断连接成一则研究论文的结论。注意时态与语态的正确运用。A组:
1.DevelopaPIV(particleimagevelocimetry粒子图象速度场仪)systeminthisstudy.
2.Usingthesystem,observethedieselsprayfieldandobtaininformationaboutparticlevelocitydistributioncharacteristics.3.Thissystemissimple.
4,Greatpotentialapplicationsintestingthetransientdieselsprayfield.B组:
1.Themodelofvehicle-occupantmulti-bodysystem(汽车乘员多体系统模型)andSVC3D(3-dimensionalsimulationofvehiclecrash:汽车碰撞三维仿真)showtobecorrectinthisstudy.2.Findthatoccupantwithlowelongationwebbing(伸展率小的约束系统)andpretensioner(顶紧器)protected.
3.Therefore,suggestoccupantbeltwithlowelongationwebbing,occupantrestraintsystemequipwithpretensionertoimprovetherestraineffectandreduceoccupantinjuryduringimpact.参考答案
一、下面一则结论摘自函授培训班学习效果研究的论文。分析其内容与结构,指出每一句话的作用。分析:
第1句:总体概括研究结果,即函授培训班达到了预期目的。
第2句:对培训前与培训后测试结果的总结,函授学员取得的成绩。第3句:指出通过研究所发现的新问题。
二、下面一则结论摘自一篇关于飓风强度预测的论文,将括号中的动词变成合适的形式。(1)suggest(2)reach(3)iscontrolled(4)is(5)is(6)require(7)offer(8)canbepredicted(9)canbemade(10)require
三、将下列两组句子片断连接成一则研究论文的结论。注意文中动词形式的正确运用。
A组:
APIVsystemisdevelopedinthisstudy.Usingthissystemweobservedthedieselsprayfieldandobtainedinformationaboutparticlevelocitydistributioncharacteristics.Thissystemissimpleandhasgreatpotentialapplicationsintestingthetransientdieselsprayfield.
B组:
Thisstudyshowsthatthemodelofvehicle-occupantmulti-bodysystemandSVC3Darecorrect.Itisfoundthatoccupantwithlowelongationwebbingandpretensionercanbeprotected.Therefore,wesuggestthatoccupantshouldbebeltedwithlowelongationwebbingandoccupantrestraintsystemshouldbeequippedwithpretensionertoimprovetherestraineffectandreduceoccupantinjuryduringimpact.
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