新GRE作文issue模板常用句型个人总结

新GRE作文issue模板常用句型个人总结

ISSUE

段1.1)Iagreewiththespeaker"sbroadassertionthatmoneyspentonresearchisgenerallymoneywellinvested.(Issue18)

2)Admittedly,themanyexperiencesthatareconvenientforourgrowth/benefitthedescendantsaretheresultof/usuallyresultfromtheextraordinary(非凡的)cumulative（渐增的）effortsofourengineers,entrepreneurs,andsociologists(scientists,politicians,historians,predecessors).(Issue12)3)And,suchadvantages/successes/conveniencesalwaysprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetoovercomeobstaclesinourdailylives.

4)However/Nevertheless,themanager"sargumentisindefensibleinseveralcriticalrespectsbecauseheignoresthesignificancepresentedbyhistory.

段2.1)Lendingcredencetothestatementisthatfacultyandstudentsinrelatedhistorywouldbringdiverseculturalandeducationalperspectivestotheproblemstheyseektosolve.(Issue7)

2)Asamatteroffact,researchfromsomefamousfiguresalwayscarriessignificantinformationtothefuture,andit’scritical/essentialthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentstoaddresssociety’smoreimmediateproblems.

3)Consider,forinstance,JackWelch’sprogramwhenacompanyisrunninginalowefficiencyandfacingafinancialcrisis(politicalcrisisornaturaldisaster).

4)Thisambitiousprojectispossibleonlybecauseparticipatingnationsarepooling（集合资源）theireconomicresourcesaswellasscientifictalents.(Issue47)

5)Welch’sstrategywaslateradoptedbyotherentrepreneursandmoreover,manysimilarprojectscouldbeusedtosolveenduringcompanyfinancialproblems.

6)Thusausefulstrategy(insightordiscovery)cancomefromaresearcher(scientist/predecessor)fromanynation/realms.(Issue7)

段3.1)Addingfurthercredibilitytothestatementisthetendency(observation/phenomenon)thatlearningaboutthemistakesofpastsocietieshelpsusavoidrepeatingthem.

2)Afterall,humansseemnaturallydriven/tendtomakethingsbigger/easierandmorecomplex/simpler;thusrefraining/promotingfromdoingso,orreversing/enhancingthisnaturalprocess,takesconsiderable/greateffortandcourageofadifferentsort.(Issue12)

3)OneaptexampleofthispointinvolvesSanluGroup,afamousChinesedairyproductscompany,whichhasbeencommittedtoprovidingthemostpopularbrandsofinfantformulatoglobalconsumers.InSeptember201*,itwasinvolvedinanadulteratedmilkpowderscandal,affectingsome29400Chineseinfantsandkillingsix.Itreceivedabankruptcyorderandseveralofitstopmanagersweresentencedtolongprisonterms.

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4)Apparently/Obviously,allnationsshouldlearnalessonfromSanlu’sscandalandtakeoutaninsurancepolicytopreventthosesimilarcases.

5)Asitturnsout,acertainself-restraintandcourage(experienceandlessonsfromthepast)arebothunavoidableandnecessarytoconfrontandovercomemoderninconvenience/lure(theseinternalfearsandself-doubts),tosimplify/optimize/benefitone"sdailyschedule/knowledge/development,andtoestablish/buildasimpleplan/strategyfortheuseofone"scapability.(Issue12)

段4.1)Exceptfromtheaforementionedsituations,theestablishment/effect/consequenceofsuchapointposescertainproblemsofitsown(political,environmental,healthandeconomicproblems/risks/challenges),

which

must

be

addressed/minimize

in

order

that

the

government/society/humanbeingscanachieveitsobjectives/prospectiveprosperity.(Issue7)2)Ontheonehand/First,itwrongly/illogicallypresumes/categorizesanylawaseitherjustorunjust(related/isolated),andthenitrecommendsanineffectiveandpotentiallyharmfulmeansoflegalreform/learning.(Issue11)

3)Indeed,observations-forexample,aboutwhetherresearchofatomicweaponswasoutofrules,oraboutwhethertheuseoftechnologicalcloningwasillegaldependingonnotonlyjustlawsbutalsoone"smoralprinciples.(Issue69)

4)Afterall,ourexperienceashumansinformsusthatpracticality/humanityamountstofarmorethan(远不止是)meetingeconomicneeds,butalsoourownsurvivalasaspecies.

5)Inthesecondplace/Secondly,comprehensivehistoricalbackgroundswouldhelpovercomecontroversial/amyriadofadministrative/environmental/politicalproblems/impediments.(Issue7)6)Acurrentexampleinvolvesthatthegovernmentshouldstrikeabalancebetweentheenvironmentalpollutionandthecompany’sinterests.

7)Sometheorists/governorsnowclaimthatthetoxiceffluentsfromfactorycannotbeemittedintoanearbyriver,whilecomplyingwiththeregulationmightbecostlyforthecompany.

8)(Tothecontrary/Infact)Surely,anumberofentrepreneursandengineerstodayaremustering/sacrificingthatcourage/interests,andaremakingtheefforttocreatefarsimpler,yetmoreelegant,technologiesandapplications,whichwilltrulymakeourlivessimpler/saferinsharpcontrast/comparedtowhatcomputertechnologyhasdeliveredtous.(Issue12)

9)Indisputably,solvingtheseproblemsrequiresanopenmindtohistorybothrelatedandunrelated.

段5.1)Insum,Iagreethattherelatedhistoryisvaluablebecauseitisaneffectivewaytoacquiremeaningfulknowledgeandtoavoidrepeatingmistakes.

2)Nevertheless/Accordingly,thespeakeroverlooksmanygreatindividuals/criticalproblems,particularlyinsomemoralissuesandinbeneficialfairs,whicharealwayssolvedbyexperienceunrelatedtoourdailylives.(Issue21)

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3)Inthefinalanalysis,tosolvethoseproblemsmoreefficientlyandcomprehensivelyweareforcedtostrikeabalanceinhowtoallocateourenergybetweenthetworespects.

备用句式

1)observations，phenomenon现象/unjustifiable，insubstantial不合理的

2)Parentswhodoteontheironlychildwillbeanegativefactoroftheirchild’sprogress.Suchwellmeaningpeoplejustdon"tunderstand.

3)Kennedyaskedustothinkwhatyoucandoforyourcountryinsteadofwhatyourcountrycandoforyou.

4)Einstein,likehistory"sothermostinfluentialscientists,simplyrefusedtoacceptconventionalinterpretationsofwhatweallobserve.(Issue69)

5)There"snothingtobelaterprovedordisproved,affirmedordiscredited,orevenimproveduponorrefinedbyfurtherknowledgeornewertechnology.(Issue18)

6)However/Bycontrast,inthesciencesitisdifficulttoidentifygreatnesswithoutthebenefitofhistoricalperspective.(Issue21)

7)Intherealmofbusiness,insomecasesgreatachievementisrecognizableimmediately,whileinothercasesitisnot.ConsiderontheonehandHenryFord"s….(Issue21)

8)Returningtotheabortionexamplementionedabove,apersonstronglyopposedtothefreedom-of-choicepositionmightmaintainthattheillegalblockingofaccesstoanabortionclinicamountstojustifiabledisobedience.(Issue11)

9)Teachingpeoplehowtofishratherthanofferingthemabasketoffish.

10)Whilethisnotionmightappealtocertainexistentialistsandepistemologists,itrunsagainstthegrainofallscientificdiscoveryandknowledgegainedoverthelast500years.(Issue69)

11)Iamhard-pressedtothinkofonepersonwhohaseverexclaimedtomehowmucheffortandcourageithastakentocomplicatehisorherlifeintheserespects.(Issue12)

12)Onlytimewilltellwhetherstringtheoryindeedprovidestheunifyinglawsthatallmatterintheuniverseobeys.(Issue21)

13)Thepictureabovedoesrevealcertaindisturbingphenomenoninacontemporarysocietywiththematerialprosperity.Inthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving,sthwillenrichmyworkingexperienceandbroadenmymind,thuspavingawayformyprospectivecareer.(Issue18)

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扩展阅读：新GRE作文_issue模板

11G_Issue模板

Alexbob201*/11/10

一.指令分析

指令1：

Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.

首先，这个introduction所对应的issue题目一定是个陈述型的statement。做题者可以同意或反对，或者参半。在论述过程中，一定要考虑到有什么方法，可以让这个statement的对错性改变。

1.题目中的事实或观点是否在特定的条件下成立？如果是，我如何认可它们？2.其不成立的条件是什么？我如何抵御它们？3.正反兼顾的体现立场。

指令2：

Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththerecommendationandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,describespecificcircumstancesinwhichadoptingtherecommendationwouldorwouldnotbeadvantageousandexplainhowtheseexamplesshapeyourposition.

这个要求和第一种基本雷同，同一道题目，基本上，两种introduction都可能出现，主要区别在于，这个强调的是recommendation，也就是建议，一般来说，也是针对一种行为，或者措施的陈述事实的句子。而在论述当中，一定要分析到circumstances，也就是大环境，对这个行为或者措施的效果的影响。例如，明确分析，在什么情况下，这样的建议可能不能达到起预期的效果。1.题目中的政策或建议可行性如何？实施的好处何在？

2.如果实施题目中的建议，是否会导致同初始目的相矛盾或荒谬的结果？3.有无替代或折中的办法？

指令3：

Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaim.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,besuretoaddressthemostcompellingreasonsorexamplesthatcouldbeusedtochallengeyourposition.

这个主要是对一个声称或者主张的讨论，重点在于，在论述中，要涉及，与考生自己观点对立的理由及例子的分析，也就是类似反正自己的观点。1.题目中的主张基于什么标准？其合理性何在？2.与此主张形成挑战或对立的理由或例证是什么？3.如何修正原题中不合理之处？

指令4：

Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhichviewmorecloselyalignswithyourownpositionandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldaddressbothoftheviewspresentedabove.

这中introduction比较特殊，所针对的题目本身，肯定存在两个观点。那么考生在论述时，要指出哪个和自己的观点比较接近，而且在论述过程中，必须对题中的两种观点，都进行分析。

1.题目中的政策或建议可行性如何？实施的好处何在？

2.如果实施题目中的建议，是否会导致同初始目的相矛盾或荒谬的结果？3.有无替代或折中的办法？

指令5：

WritearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaimANDthereasononwhichthatclaimisbased.

这个是最普通的，基本上和老GRE没有区别，可以随意发挥。1.这个题目中的原因是否成立？

2.假设这个原因成立，从它是否能推出原题中的结果或主张？

指令6：

Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscussyourviewsonthepolicyaboveandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderthepossibleconsequencesofimplementingthepolicyandexplainhowtheseconsequencesshapeyourposition.

这个特指，针对某个政策。而且考生在论述过程中，必须涉及如果实施这个政策后，可能带来的诸多效果，对效果进行分析，从而推出政策本身的好坏。1.题目中的政策或建议可行性如何？实施的好处何在？

2.如果实施题目中的建议，是否会导致同初始目的相矛盾或荒谬的结果？3.有无替代或折中的办法？

二.文章整体结构

大负小正：诚然A，但是B，而且C。

大正小负：诚然A，有时甚至B，但是C。

承认+递进+转折承认+转折+递进三.常用句式

开头：

a)Inthisstatement,thespeakerassertsthat…（作者的结论是什么）b)Iagreewiththespeakerinsofaras...（某种程度上同意作者的观点）

c)Whereas,inmyperspective,…isunilateral（作者的观点片面在什么地方）

第二段：

a)Admittedly,第三段：

a)However,第四段：

a)Furthermore,结尾：

a)Insummary,fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,itisnotdifficulttodrawthe

conclusionthat…（重述观点）

四.常用词汇

1.保证：assurance/guarantee

五.作文重点题目

社会与自然：

Societyshouldmakeeffortstosaveendangeredspeciesonlyifthepotentialextinctionofthosespeciesistheresultofhumanactivities.

社会应该努力拯救濒危物种，只要这些物种的灭绝是人类活动的结果。Thespeakerclaimsthatsocietyshouldmakeeffortstosaveendangeredspeciesonlycausedbyhumanactivities.Iagreewiththespeakerinsofarassavingendangeredspeciesistheresponsibilityofhumanbeings.Afterall,humanbeingsaretherulerofnature.But,inmyperspective,merelyfocusingonsavingthoseendangeredspeciesonlycausedbyhumanactivitiesisunilateral.

1.Thevarietyofplantandanimalisimportanttopracticalutilization.

1)Discoveringtheorderofevolution;

2)Valuablegenepoolandrawmaterialdrug:traditionalChinesemedicine.

3)Technologicalimitationfromthespecious:sonarasaresultofimitatingdolphin.2.Humanshoulddosoevenfromamoralposition.

1)Plantandanimalisthemostimportantcomponentsofnature.Whenall...dieout,theday

willcomesoon.

2)Humanbeingsastherulerofnatureshouldtaketheresponsibilitytohelpotherspecies.

Letalonethoseendangeredspeciesbecauseofhumanactivities.

3)Menhavetheresponsibilitytorescue:pollution,environmentsdestroy,catchingandkillingexcessivelycausingtheplantandanimaltodieoutmuchfaster.Forexample:tigerandwhale;

3.However,somekindsof

1)"Survivaloffittest":someanimalsdohavetheirlethalshortagesandwoulddeclineeven

withouthumans,savingthosespecieswhicharebiologicaleliminationisagainstthenatureandofnohelp.

2)Whenwesaveakindofanimal,wemaydoharmtoanotherkind.Thustheproperwayis

thathumanshouldtrytheirbesttokeepthebalanceofnatureasitisratherthanchangethenatureashumans"purpose.HumanandNatureshouldperformtheirownfunctionsrespectively.

3)Insteadofsaving,therestrictionsonhumanourselvesaremoreimportant:pollution,

environmentaldestroy,catchingandkillingexcessively.

4)Theextinctionofspeciesisthewarningofthedeteriorationoftheenvironmentwhich

wouldearlyorlatethreatenhumanbeings.

Conclusion:

Nomatterfromthepositionofpracticalutilizationormorality,humanbothshould...However,itshouldbenoticedthat...Therefore,weshouldfindouttherealreasonofdyingout.Furthermore,weshouldpaymorea...to

教育目的：

Educationalinstitutionsshouldactivelyencouragetheirstudentstochoosefieldsofstudythatwillpreparethemforlucrativecareers.

教育机构应该积极鼓励学生选择那些为将来高收入工作铺路的研究领域。Thearguerassertsthatmostpeoplechooseacareernotonthebasisofhisorhernaturaltalentsorinterestinaparticularkindofworkbutonlyonpragmaticconsiderations.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iconcedethattherearequiteafewofpeoplechooseacareeronpragmaticconsiderationsinthispragmaticworld.However,therearestillsomanyindividualschooseacareerbasedontheirnaturaltalentsandinterest.Inaddition,naturaltalentsandinterestnotalwaysconflictwithpragmaticconsiderations.

1.Admittedly,manypeoplechooseacareeronthebasisofpragmaticconsiderationssuchasthe

needsoftheeconomy,therelativeeaseoffindingajob,andthesalarytheycanexpecttomake,whichisreasonableintoday’ssociety:1)Toearnaliving

2)Togetfortune,fame,andpromotion.

3)Tofurtherdeveloptheinterest:Onlywhenone’slivingisundersecuritycouldonehave

thefreedomtochoosewhathelikesorinterestin.

2.However,theauthorhasmadeanover-generalizationinregardstofactorsdeterminingcareer

seekingwhenheorsheclaimsthatpeoplechoosetheirjobsonlybasedonsuchpragmaticconcernsasexpectedsalaryratherthantheirtalentsorinterests.Ifthiswasgenerallytrue,whysomanypeopleworkintheunprofitableoccupations.Wecanseethattherearecertainlysomeoneisfreetochooseacareerbasedontheirnaturaltalentsorinterestregardlessofpragmaticconsiderations.

1)Manyscholarsarelivingapoorlife

2)Manyscientistsdedicatethemselvestotheimprovementforthebetterconditionsof

humanbeing,caringlittleaboutthefeedback3)Manyartists,suchasmusiciansandpainters.

3.Furthermore,thesetwoaspectsareactuallynotcontradictory:onemightbeabletochoosea

careerbasedonindividualinterestornaturaltalents,aswellasthedecentpay.

1)TakeNBAplayersasaninstance.Gettingpragmaticrewardssuchasmoney,isnotan

end,butratherameansofobtainingmentalcontentandofattainingimportantgoals.

Conclusion:Themostreasonablewayofdecisionmakingconcerningcareerseekingistobestfulfillone"spragmaticconcernswithoutviolatingone"svalue,talentandinterests.Ifwecannotfulfillboth,wemustchoosetheonewhichweconcernmuchmorethantheother.

教育方法：

Universitiesshouldrequireeverystudenttotakeavarietyofcoursesoutsidethestudent"sfieldofstudy.

大学应该要求每个学生选修自己专业以外的各种学科。Universityisanimportantplaceinayouth"slife.Toasignificantextendthiskindofeducationstudentsreceiveinuniversitydetermineswhatkindofpersontheywillbe.Takingthecoursesoutsidethestudent’sfieldsofstudymayexpandhimawidespectrumofvision.ThereforeIfundamentallyagreewiththespeakerthatthereal“trulyeducated”shouldbebasedonthelearningawidescopeofknowledge.However,closescrutinyrevealsthatoverstateeithertheimportanceoftheprofessionalknowledgeortheinformationoutsidewillleadintojeopardizedsituation.

1.Inthefirstplace,requiringstudentstotakecoursesonlyintheirmajorfieldofstudycan

causesomeseriousproblems.Actually,noteverystudentknowswithcertaintywhichprofessionalfieldtheyaretrulyinterestedinandcandowellinatthebeginningoftheircollegelife.Ifuniversitiesallowedtheirstudentstochooserelatedcoursesfreely,itwouldbeagoodopportunityforthemtofindtheirinterests.Exploringsubjectsoutsidetheirownmajormayhelpstudentstofindnewacademicfieldsinwhichtheirrealinterestandpotentialslie.Fortunately,inrecentyears,manyuniversitieshavebeguntochangetheireducationpolicies,andsetupseriesofminorcoursesforstudentstostudy.Nowtherearemoreandmorestudentstakingminorcoursesinwhattheyaretrulyinterestedinandthisgivesthemanotheropportunitytodeveloptheirinterestswheretheycanmakefulluseoftheirsparetimetoexpandtheirknowledgeandenhancetheircapabilities.

2.Sincevariousdisciplinesarerelated,thestudyofcoursesoutsideastudent’sownfieldmay

benefitthestudyoftheirmajors.Asweknow,everysubjectdoesnotexistindependently.Theyrelatetoothersubjectstooneextendoranother.Forinstance,philosophyisthefoundationofallsubjects,whichprovidesafundamentalapproachtothinkingabouteveryproblem.Whateveryourmajoris,youcanbenefitfromlearningit.Mathisausefultoolforusinsolvingproblems.Ifyoumajoriseconomicsoraccounting,youwillfindthattheknowledgeofmathematicscanhelpyoualotinyourresearchoryourwork.Thereforewecanseethatstudentswithvariedknowledgewouldhaveagreatadvantageincompetingwiththosewhohaveonlylimitedscope.

3.Ifapersonwanttobeasuccessfulmaninthesociety,theknowledgejustfromhisorher

majorisnotsufficientatall.Heorsheshouldlearnlotsofthingsbecausethosethingsarereallyimportantfortheirfuturesuccess.

1)Science:logic,criticalthinking,commonsense2)Art:thecognitionofnatural

3)Philosophy:criticalthinkingandbetterunderstandingoftheworld4)Psychology:helptogrowmentallyhealthy

5)Sociology:theessenceofsocietyandhumanbeing.

4.Ofcourse,despitealloftheseadvantagesoflearningvariousdisciplines,themostimportant

disciplinesforastudentisstillthoselessonswhichisrelatedtohisorhermajor.Overemphasizingthevariousdisciplineswilladverselyinfluencethestudent"slearningofhisorhermajor.

Conclusion:Takeabalance.Auniversityshouldoffervariousdisciplinestostudentswhileensurethatthestudentscanlearntheirmajorwell.

教育政策：

Anationshouldrequireallofitsstudentstostudythesamenationalcurriculumuntiltheyentercollege.

在进行大学教育以前，国家应该要求所有的学生学习统一的国家课程。

1.Admittedly,fundamentalknowledge,socialskillsandmoraleducationshouldbeinstilledin

everyschoolbeforeuniversity.

1)Somecoursemustbelearnedbyallthestudents:mathematicsandnativelanguage2)Meanwhile,theearlysamenationalcurriculumspreventstudentsfromthelimitations,becausenoteveryplacehastheabilitytoprovideacomprehensiveandsystematiccurriculum.

3)Withouthavingcomprehensivestudy,thestudentmayjustchoosehisorhermainprofessionbasedonafewcourses,notevenincludingtheonewherehisorherrealinterestlies.

2.However,everyregionhasitsowntradition。

1)Thosedecisionmakersjustthinkaboutthegeneralsituation,withoutparticularity.

2)Somespecialcasesshouldbealsotakenintoconsiderationforthosewhohaveno

intentiontogotocollege.

3)Atpresent,nosocietycanguaranteeallstudentstheopportunitytogotocollege.Itis

quitenecessarytoprovidevarioustechnicalskillstostudentswhoarenotexpectingahighereducation.

4)Thedifferenceofenvironment:ruralareasandmetropolises.Thedifferenceoffacilities

amongdifferentschools.Thedifferenceamongstudents

3.Theoptimalapproach,inmyview,isabalancedonethatimposesabasiccurriculumyet

leavestherestuptoeachstateorcommunity.

1)Fromthestudent"sperspective:masterarequiredcourse;avoiddiversity.

2)Fromtheschool"sperspective:thefairnessofentranceexamination;providea

predictablefoundationuponwhichcollegeadministratorsandfacultycouldmoreeasilybuildcurricularandselectcoursematerialsforfreshmenthatareneitherbelownorabovetheirlevelofeducationalexperience.

3)Thinkingofthepossibledifferences:complement;minority;artstudents;keeplocal

culture;businesscoursessuitableforchildrenliveinmetropolitan,unsuitableforthoseliveinhinterland;courseonfarminglocalculture,language,tradition,artslearnliterature,worksrelatedwithlocallifeeasiertounderstand,topreservelocalcultureandlanguage.

国家政治：

Thesurestindicatorofagreatnationisrepresentednotbytheachievementsofitsrulers,artists,orscientists,butbythegeneralwelfareofitspeople.

一个国家的伟大体现在国民的安乐上，而不是体现在统治者、艺术家或科学家的成就上。

1.Itistruethatthegeneralwelfareofitsallpeopleisareliableindicatorofagreatnation.The

welfareofthepeople,includingthelivingcondition,socialsecuritysystemandcharityofdevelopedcountryisoftenfarbetterthanthoseofdevelopingcountries.

2.Ontheotherhand,however,theachievementsofitsrulers,artistsandscientistsareofequal

important,whichbytheirwaybringtheaimofwelfareofitspeopleintofruition.

1)Aswhatismentionedabove,whenwespeakof“promotingthegeneralwelfare”,we

refertothefollowingindex:publichealthandsafety,securityagainstinvasion,individuallibertyandfreedomaswellasahighstandardofliving,whileallofthesearebroughtaboutbyitsrulers,artistsandscientist.

2)Scientificandtechnologicalachievementsserveinthefirstplacetoenhanceanation’s

generalwelfare.(Advanceinmedicaltreatment,transportation,communication,etc.)3)Artisticachievementscouldnotbeneglected,though.Theyhelptomakeanationa

betterplacetoreside.(Provideinspiration,lifepeople’sspiritandbringaboutcreativityandimagination,allofwhichspurustomakemoreaccomplishments.)

4)Yettheachievementsofartistsandscientist,whileintegral,areinsufficient.Themilitary

anddiplomaticaccomplishmentofitsleaderscouldneitherbeignoredinthegeneralwelfareofanation.(TheWarofIndependence)

个人发展：

Claim:Wecanusuallylearnmuchmorefrompeoplewhoseviewswesharethanfromthosewhoseviewscontradictourown.

Reason:Disagreementcancausestressandinhibitlearning.

结论：相比意见不同的人来说，通常，我们从意见相同的人那里学的更多。原因：意见不统一会导致压力，阻碍学习。Iconcedethatunduediscordcanimpede/hamperlearning.Otherwise,inmyviewwelearnfarmorefromdiscourseanddebatewiththosewhoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasareinaccordwithourown.

1.Admittedly,discussingwiththosewhoseviewsweshareisefficientwithanaccordant

atmosphere.

1)Whenfacingaquestion,peopleareinclinedtotalkwiththosewhoareinaccordwith

theminsteadofwiththoseopposingthem.

2)Peoplefromdifferentregionsmayevencontradictoryonsomequestions,suchas

whethertoeatpork.Inthatcase,it"simpossibletocommunicatebetweenthetwosides.

2.However,itiscommonthatwelearnmorefromthoseholddifferentviewsagainstours.

1)Differenceinopinion,perhapsduetoconsiderationinotherdirection,mayremindus

whatwehaveneglected.

2)Thetwopartieswithdifferentknowledgeareabletocomplementeachother.

3.Besides,peopleholdingthesameviewsoftenhavethesamewayofthinking.It"shardto

progressforthemtodiscusstogether.

社会政治：

Claim:Inanyfieldbusiness,politics,education,governmentthoseinpowershouldstepdownafterfiveyears.

Reason:Thesurestpathtosuccessforanyenterpriseisrevitalizationthroughnewleadership.结论：如商业、政治、教育、政府，在任何领域中的掌权者应该在五年后就让位在任何领域中的掌权者应该在五年后就让位。

原因：对于任何机构，最可靠的成功途径是通过新领导阶层带来革新最可靠的成功途径是通过新领导阶层带来革新。Inthisstatement,theargueractuallyhasadualclaim.First,nomatterinwhichprofession,thoseinpowershouldstepdownafterfiveyears.Second,revitalizationthroughnewleadershipisthesurestwaytosuccessforanyenterprise.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iconcedethatlimitingthetermofoffice/tenureisaneffectivewaytopreventcorruptionandthelackofinitiatives,however,Idisagreewithboththetwoclaims.

1.Tobeginwith,inmanyareas,especiallyinpoliticsandgovernment,itmightbebetterthat

thosewhoinpowerdon’tholdthesamepositionallthetimeandshouldstepdownregularly.1)Itisknownthatabsolutepowerwillleadtoabsolutecorruption.

2)Andleaderstendtoabusetheirpowerwhentheyhavenofearoflosingtheirpower.Inordertoavoidcorruption,autarchy,thoseinpowershouldstepdownregularly.

3)Inaddition,suchsystemmightactivateyoungmantoworkhardsincetheyseethechoiceandhopetobealeader.Andanewleadershipusuallyhasgreaterinitiativemotivationandwouldbringaboutnewideas.Andthisnewemergedleadersbringnewwaysofleadingandmanaging,andtheyaremorelikelytokeeppacewiththechangingtimesaswell.

2.Ontheotherhand,frequentlychangingtheleaderalsobringsoutsomeproblems.

1)Theleadertendstoonlyfocusonhisachievementinhistimeinthepositionbut

regardlessthesubsequentleader.

2)Besides,notallthoseinpowerofallprofessionsshouldstepdownafterfiveyears.

Thoseinpowerusuallyhaveabundantexperience.

3)Furthermore,newleadershipcannotensuretobethesurestpathtosuccessforany

enterprise.Newleadersoftenlackthenecessaryskillandexperiencetocopewithexigentproblems;therefore,theyneedaperiodoftimeforadaptation.

历史研究：

Themainbenefitofthestudyofhistoryistodispeltheillusionthatpeoplelivingnowaresignificantlydifferentfrompeoplewholivedinearliertimes.

研究历史的最大益处在于打破这样的幻想：现代人和历史上的人有很大不同。Thisstatementactuallyinsistsoftwoclaims.First,peopleinoneperiodoftimearesignificantlydifferentfrompeoplewholivedatanyothertimeinhistoryisanillusion.Second,theprimaryofthestudyofhistoryistobreakdownthisillusion.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iconcedethatpeopleliveindifferentperiodsoftimeinhistorysharesomecommonground,however,Idisagreewithbothofthetwoclaims.

1.Admittedly,fromthehumanhistory,weknowthatthebasicnatureofhumanbeinghasnot

changedever:goodandevil.

1)Peopleineveryperiodoftimearethirstyforfreedom,equality,democracyandthelike.

Peoplemaintainthemeritsofintelligence,diligence,creativityandsoon.

2)However,wealsosharethedemeritsofprejudice,envyandgreed.Innovationpromotes

developmentwhilegreedleadstowars.Humanracekeepprogressingofthecivilizationinthisway.

2.Ontheotherhand,thestudyofhistoryisequallybeneficialtounderstandandappreciate

significantdifferencesbetweenpeoplesofdifferenttimeperiods.

1)Intermsofculturalmorals,customs,values,andideals.TakeChinesefeudalsocietyas

anexample,duringthattime,allpowerswereinthehandsoftheemperoralone,whowasassistedbyagroupofministersledbytheprimeminister.Localgovernorswereappointedbythecentralgovernment.Thecommonpeoplehadnodemocraticrightsatall.

3.Besides,historyhasmanyotherfunctions,whichmightbemoresignificantthantobreak

downtheillusionthatpeopleinoneperiodoftimearesignificantlydifferentfrompeoplewholivedatanyothertimeinhistory.

1)Forexample,studyingoftheachievementofthepastcangiveusinspiration.Studying

themistakesandfailuresofthepastcanpreventusfromrepeatingthosemistakesandfailuresagain.

科学与政府：

Governmentsshouldplacefew,ifany,restrictionsonscientificresearchanddevelopment.政府应该尽量不去限制科学研究和发展。

1.Generallyspeaking,governmentshouldplacefewrestrictionsonscientificresearchand

development.

1)Littlerelativeknowledge.

2)Wouldbeinclinedtobeinsupportwhattheyregardworthwhileandwouldbenefitthe

peopleimmediately.

2.Freeresearchcanincreaseinventionandprogresseasily,thustoomuchrestrictionsmight

encumberthedevelopmentofscience.

1)Wecanseelotsofexamplesinthehistorywhichcanshowthattoomuchrestriction

wouldbedetrimentaltothedevelopmentofscientificresearch.

2)Atellingexampleoftheinherentdangerofofficialrestrictionofthescientificresearch

involvestheattemptsofSovietduring1920s’tonotonlycontrolthedirectionsandgoalsofresearchesbuttheoutcomeandresultsoftheresearchaswellforthepurposeofthegeneralwelfareofthepeople.Somescientistsevendisappearedlaterbecauseoftheirthreatstothesafetyandstabilityofthenation.Notsurprisingly,duringthisperiodoftime,nosignificantdiscoveryorinventionoccurred.

3.However,providingabsolutefreedommightcauseotherproblemsofequalgraveness.

1)Someimmoralresearchesoronesareinthreatsofthepeace,safetyandstabilityofthe

society.

2)Scientificresearchanddevelopmentisadouble-edgedswordthatcanbeusedequally

forgoodorevil.Ifnotproperlycontrolled,itwillbringdisasterstous.SuchashumanCloning,biochemistryweapon,thenuclearbomb.

Conclusion:Therestrictionsplacedbygovernmentonscientificresearchshouldbejudgedaccordingtothedifferentnatureofvariousresearchprojects.

教育方法：

Thebestwaytoteachistopraisepositiveactionsandignorenegativeones.教育的最佳方式是赞扬积极的行为，忽视消极的行为。Thestatementoverlookscircumstancesunderwhichpraisemightbeinappropriate,aswellasignoringthebeneficialvalueofconstructivecriticism,andsometimesevenpunishment.

1.Therecommendationthatparents,teachersandemployerspraisepositiveactionsisgenerally

goodadvice.

2.Whilerecommendingpraiseforpositiveactionsisfundamentallysoundadvice,thisadviceshouldcarrywithitcertaincaveats.

3.Asforignoringnegativeactions,Iagreethatminorpeccadilloescan,andinmanycases

should,beoverlooked.

4.Atthesametime,somemeasureofconstructivecriticismandcritique,andsometimeseven

punishment,isappropriate.

社会传媒：

Claim:Itisnolongerpossibleforasocietytoregardanylivingmanorwomanasahero.

Reason:Thereputationofanyonewhoissubjectedtomediascrutinywilleventuallybediminished.

结论：当今任何社会已经不再可能将任何在世的人标榜为英雄人物。原因：任何人遭受媒体的监察，必定会声名扫地。Technologyhasalsomadeiteasiertodigfurtherthaneverbeforeintoaperson’spast,increasingthepossibilitythatthesubject’sreputationmaybeharmed.

1.Withoutadoubt,therearemanyexamplesofindividualswhosereputationhavebeen

diminishedbymediascrutiny.

1)Fameandfortuneturnanordinaryindividualintoamediatargetwherereporterswill

stopatalmostnothingto“digupdirt”thatwillsellmorenewspapersorenticemoreviewerstowatchatelevisionprogram.Evenifwhentheyfail,theymightproducesomescandalstocaterthepublicinterests.

2.Eventhoughmediascrutinyincreasesthepossibilitythatthereputationofaherowillbe

harmed,ithelpshavedeepinsightintoourheroesandweshouldrememberthatnoindividualisperfect.

1)Inthisway,wecangetclosetorealheroesandencouragemoretostruggletoservethe

society.

2)Mediaviewers,readersandlistenersfindinformationaboutthemisfortunesand

misdeedsofothers,especiallyheroicpublicfiguresowingtomassmediagenerallyconsistofprofitseekingentities,whosechiefobjectiveistomaximizeprofits.

3)Withthehelpofintensivemediacoverage,wecanexamineheroescarefully.Newson

internetofferopportunitiestocultivatecriticalthinkingskillsandobjectivitytomakecorrectjudgmentbeyondwhatthemediafeedsthem.

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